Kea leboha ha u etetse Nature.com.U sebelisa mofuta oa sebali o nang le tšehetso e fokolang ea CSS.Bakeng sa boiphihlelo bo botle ka ho fetesisa, re khothaletsa hore o sebelise sebatli se ntlafalitsoeng (kapa o tima Compatibility Mode ho Internet Explorer).Ho feta moo, ho netefatsa ts'ehetso e tsoelang pele, re bonts'a sebaka sa marang-rang ntle le mekhoa le JavaScript.
Li-slide tse bonts'ang lingoloa tse tharo selaeteng se seng le se seng.Sebelisa likonopo tse ka morao le tse latelang ho tsamaea ka har'a li-slide, kapa likonopo tsa selaoli se qetellong ho tsamaea selaeteng ka seng.
ASTM A240 304 316 Stainless Steel Hare Teck Plate e ka Seheloa 'me ea Itloaetsa Theko ea fektheri ea China.
Sehlopha sa lintho tse bonahalang: 201/304/304l/316/316l/321/309s/310s/410/420/430/904l/2205/2507
Mofuta: Ferritic, Austenite, Martensite, Duplex
Theknoloji: Cold Rolled and Hot Rolled
Setifikeiti: ISO9001, CE, SGS selemo se seng le se seng
Tšebeletso: Teko ea motho oa boraro
Delivery: nakong ea matsatsi a 10-15 kapa ho nahanoa ka bongata
Stainless steel ke motsoako oa tšepe o nang le bonyane ba Chromium ea 10.5%.Litaba tsa Chromium li hlahisa filimi e tšesaane ea chromium oxide holim'a tšepe e bitsoang passivation layer.Lera lena le thibela ho bola ho etsahala holim'a tšepe;palo e kholo ea Chromium ka har'a tšepe, ho na le khanyetso e kholo ea ho bola.
Tšepe e boetse e na le mefuta e fapaneng ea lintho tse ling tse kang Carbon, Silicon le Manganese.Lintho tse ling li ka eketsoa ho eketsa khanyetso ea kutu (Nickel) le sebopeho (Molybdenum).
| Phepelo ea lintho tse bonahalang: | ||||||||||||
| ASTM/ASME | EN Kereiti | Karolo ea Lik'hemik'hale % | ||||||||||
| C | Cr | Ni | Mn | P | S | Mo | Si | Cu | N | Tse ding | ||
| 201 |
| ≤0.15 | 16.00-18.00 | 3.50-5,50 | 5.50-7.50 | ≤0.060 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | ≤0.25 | - |
| 301 | 1.4310 | ≤0.15 | 16.00-18.00 | 6.00-8.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | 0.1 | - |
| 304 | 1.4301 | ≤0.08 | 18.00-20.00 | 8.00-10.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 304L | 1.4307 | ≤0.030 | 18.00-20.00 | 8.00-10.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 304H | 1.4948 | 0.04~0.10 | 18.00-20.00 | 8.00-10.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 309S | 1.4828 | ≤0.08 | 22.00-24.00 | 12.00-15.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 309H |
| 0.04~0.10 | 22.00-24.00 | 12.00-15.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 310S | 1.4842 | ≤0.08 | 24.00-26.00 | 19.00-22.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.5 | - | - | - |
| 310H | 1.4821 | 0.04~0.10 | 24.00-26.00 | 19.00-22.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.5 | - | - | - |
| 316 | 1.4401 | ≤0.08 | 16.00-18.50 | 10.00-14.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | 2.00-3.00 | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 316L | 1.4404 | ≤0.030 | 16.00-18.00 | 10.00-14.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | 2.00-3.00 | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 316H |
| 0.04~0.10 | 16.00-18.00 | 10.00-14.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | 2.00-3.00 | ≤0.75 | - | 0.10-0.22 | - |
| 316Ti | 1.4571 | ≤0.08 | 16.00-18.50 | 10.00-14.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | 2.00-3.00 | ≤0.75 | - | - | Ti5(C+N)~0.7 |
| 317L | 1.4438 | ≤0.03 | 18.00-20.00 | 11.00-15.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | 3.00-4.00 | ≤0.75 | - | 0.1 | - |
| 321 | 1.4541 | ≤0.08 | 17.00-19.00 | 9.00-12.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | 0.1 | Ti5(C+N)~0.7 |
| 321H | 1.494 | 0.04~0.10 | 17.00-19.00 | 9.00-12.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | 0.1 | Ti4(C+N)~0.7 |
| 347 | 1.4550 | ≤0.08 | 17.00-19.00 | 9.00-13.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | Nb≥10*C% -1.0 |
| 347H | 1.4942 | 0.04~0.10 | 17.00-19.00 | 9.00-13.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | Nb≥8*C% -1.0 |
| 409 | S40900 | ≤0.03 | 10.50-11.70 | 0.5 | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.020 | - | ≤1.00 | - | 0.03 | Ti6(C+N)-0.5 Nb0.17 |
| 410 | 1Kr13 | 0.08~0.15 | 11.50-13.50 | - | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | - | - |
| 420 | 2Kr13 | ≥0.15 | 12.00-14.00 | - | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | - | - |
| 430 | S43000 | ≤0.12 | 16.00-18.00 | 0.75 | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | - | - |
| 431 | 1Cr17Ni2 | ≤0.2 | 15.00-17.00 | 1.25-2,50 | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | - | - |
| 440C | 11Kr17 | 0.95-1.20 | 16.00-18.00 | - | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | 0.75 | ≤1.00 | - | - | - |
| 17-4PH | 630/1.4542 | ≤0.07 | 15.50-17.50 | 3.00-5.00 | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | 3.00-5.00 | - | Nb+Ta:0.15-0.45 |
| 17-7PH | 631 | ≤0.09 | 16.00-18.00 | 6.50-7.50 | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | - | Al 0.75-1.50 |
| phepelo ea boholo: | ||||||
| 3 | 3*1000*2000 | 3*1219*2438 | 3*1500*3000 | 3*1500*6000 | ||
| 4 | 4*1000*2000 | 4*1219*2438 | 4*1500*3000 | 4*1500*6000 | ||
| 5 | 5*1000*2000 | 5*1219*2438 | 5*1500*3000 | 5*1500*6000 | ||
| 6 | 6*1000*2000 | 6*1219*2438 | 6*1500*3000 | 6*1500*6000 | ||
| 7 | 7*1000*2000 | 7*1219*2438 | 7*1500*3000 | 7*1500*6000 | ||
| 8 | 8*1000*2000 | 8*1219*2438 | 8*1500*3000 | 8*1500*6000 | ||
| 9 | 9*1000*2000 | 9*1219*2438 | 9*1500*3000 | 9*1500*6000 | ||
| 10.0 | 10*1000*2000 | 10*1219*2438 | 10*1500*3000 | 10*1500*6000 | ||
| 12.0 | 12*1000*2000 | 12*1219*2438 | 12*1500*3000 | 12*1500*6000 | ||
| 14.0 | 14*1000*2000 | 14*1219*2438 | 14*1500*3000 | 14*1500*6000 | ||
| 16.0 | 16*1000*2000 | 16*1219*2438 | 14*1500*3000 | 14*1500*6000 | ||
| 18.0 | 18*1000*2000 | 18*1219*2438 | 18*1500*3000 | 18*1500*6000 | ||
| 20 | 20*1000*2000 | 20*1219*2438 | 20*1500*3000 | 20*1500*6000 |
Boitšoaro ba tšepe e phahameng ea martensitic stainless steel (HCMSS) e nang le hoo e ka bang 22.5 vol.% carbides e nang le litaba tse phahameng tsa chromium (Cr) le vanadium (V), e ne e tsitsitsoe ke electron beam melting (EBM).The microstructure e entsoe ka mekhahlelo ea martensite le mesaletsa ea austenite, submicron high V le micron high Cr carbides li ajoa ka tsela e lekanang, 'me boima bo batla bo le holimo.CoF e fokotseha ka hoo e ka bang 14.1% ka boemo bo tsitsitseng bo ntseng bo eketseha ka lebaka la ho fetisoa ha thepa ho tloha pina e tsofetseng ho ea ho sehlopha se hanyetsanang.Ha ho bapisoa le litšepe tsa lisebelisoa tsa martensitic tse tšoaroang ka tsela e ts'oanang, sekhahla sa ho roala ha HCMSS se batla se tšoana le meroalo e tlase e kentsoeng.Mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ho apara ke ho tlosoa ha matrix a tšepe ka ho phunyeha ho lateloa ke oxidation ea pina ea ho apara, ha likarolo tse tharo tsa ho senya li etsahala ka mojaro o ntseng o eketseha.Libaka tsa deformation ea polasetiki ka tlas'a leqeba le khetholloang ke 'mapa oa ho thatafala ha likarolo.Liketsahalo tse ikhethang tse etsahalang ha maemo a moaparo a ntse a eketseha li hlalosoa e le ho phatloha ha carbide, vanadium carbide tearout e phahameng, le ho phatloha ha lefu.Patlisiso ena e fana ka leseli mabapi le litšobotsi tsa moaparo oa tlhahiso ea tlatsetso ea HCMSS, e ka bulang tsela bakeng sa tlhahiso ea likarolo tsa EBM bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa ho roala ho tloha ho li-shaft ho isa hlobong ea ente ea polasetiki.
Stainless steel (SS) ke lelapa le nang le mefuta-futa ea litšepe tse sebelisoang haholo sebakeng sa sefofane, likoloi, lijo le lisebelisoa tse ling tse ngata ka lebaka la ho hanyetsa ha tsona ho matla le thepa e loketseng ea mechine1,2,3.Ho hanyetsa ha bona ho phahameng ho bakoa ke litaba tse phahameng tsa chromium (ho feta 11.5 wt. %) ho HC, e tlatsetsang ho thehoeng ha filimi ea oxide e nang le chromium e phahameng holim'a metsi1.Leha ho le joalo, boholo ba limaraka tsa tšepe tse sa hloekang li na le khase e tlaase 'me ka hona li na le boima bo fokolang le ho hanyetsa ho apara, ho fella ka ho fokotsa bophelo ba tšebeletso ho lisebelisoa tse amanang le ho apara tse kang likarolo tsa ho lulisa sefofane4.Hangata li na le boima bo tlase (ho tloha ho 180 ho isa ho 450 HV), ke litšepe tse ling feela tse tšoaroang mocheso oa martensitic tse nang le boima bo phahameng (ho fihlela ho 700 HV) le khabone e phahameng (ho fihla ho 1.2 wt%), e ka tlatsetsang ho thehoa ha martensite.1. Ka bokhutšoanyane, k'habone e phahameng e theola mocheso oa phetoho ea martensitic, e leng ho lumellang ho thehoa ha microstructure ea martensitic ka ho feletseng le ho fumana mochine o thibelang ho apara ka litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa ho pholile.Likarolo tse thata (mohlala, li-carbides) li ka eketsoa ho matrix a tšepe ho ntlafatsa le ho feta ho hanyetsa ho roala ha lefu.
Kenyelletso ea tlhahiso ea li-additive (AM) e ka hlahisa lisebelisoa tse ncha tse nang le sebopeho se lakatsehang, likarolo tsa microstructural, le thepa e phahameng ea mochini5,6.Mohlala, ho qhibiliha ha bethe ea phofo (PBF), e leng e 'ngoe ea mekhoa e mengata e rekisoang ka ho fetesisa ea li-welding, e kenyelletsa ho beoa ha li-powders tse entsoeng ka pele ho etsa likarolo tse bōpehileng haufi ka ho qhibilihisa li-powders ho sebelisa mehloli ea mocheso e kang lasers kapa electron maramo7.Liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore likarolo tsa tšepe tse sa hloekang tse entsoeng ka mochini li ka sebetsa hantle ho feta likarolo tse entsoeng ka tloaelo.Ka mohlala, litšepe tse sa hloekang tsa austenitic tse tlas'a ts'ebetso ea tlatsetso li bontšitsoe hore li na le lisebelisoa tse phahameng ka lebaka la microstructure ea tsona e ntle (ke hore, likamano tsa Hall-Petch)3,8,9.Phekolo ea mocheso ea tšepe e sa hloekang ea ferritic e tšoaroang ke AM e hlahisa li-precipitates tse eketsehileng tse fanang ka thepa ea mechine e tšoanang le ea bona e tloaelehileng3,10.E amohetsoe ka tšepe e sa hloekang ea mekhahlelo e 'meli e nang le matla a phahameng le ho thatafala, e sebetsoa ka ts'ebetso ea tlatsetso, moo thepa e ntlafalitsoeng ea mochini e bakoang ke mekhahlelo ea intermetallic e ruileng ea chromium ho microstructure11.Ho phaella moo, thepa e ntlafetseng ea mechine ea li-additive hardened martensitic le li-steel tse sa hloekang tsa PH li ka fumanoa ka ho laola li-austenite tse bolokiloeng ka har'a microstructure le ho ntlafatsa lisebelisoa tsa machining le mocheso oa mocheso 3,12,13,14.
Ho fihlela joale, thepa ea tribological ea AM austenitic stainless steels e fumane tlhokomelo e ngata ho feta litšepe tse ling tse sa hloekang.Boitšoaro ba tribological ea laser e qhibilihang ka lera la phofo (L-PBF) e tšoaroang ka 316L e ile ea ithutoa e le ts'ebetso ea mekhoa ea ho sebetsa ea AM.Ho bontšitsoe hore ho fokotsa porosity ka ho fokotsa lebelo la ho hlahloba kapa ho eketsa matla a laser ho ka ntlafatsa ho hanyetsa ho apara15,16.Li et al.17 e ile ea hlahloba liaparo tse omeletseng tsa li-sliding tlas'a mekhahlelo e sa tšoaneng (mojaro, makhetlo a mangata le mocheso) 'me ea bontša hore ho apara mocheso oa kamore ke mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ho apara, ha ho ntse ho eketseha lebelo la ho thella le mocheso ho khothalletsa oxidation.Sephetho sa oxide layer se tiisa ts'ebetso ea ho beha, khohlano e fokotseha ka mocheso o ntseng o eketseha, 'me sekhahla sa ho roala se eketseha ka mocheso o phahameng.Lithutong tse ling, ho eketsoa ha likaroloana tsa TiC18, TiB219, le SiC20 ho L-PBF e tšoaroang 316L matrix e ntlafalitse ho hanyetsa ka ho etsa mosebetsi o boima o thata oa likhohlano ka keketseho ea karolo ea molumo oa likaroloana tse thata.Setsi sa oxide se sireletsang se boetse se hlokometsoe ka L-PBF12 e tšoaroang PH tšepe le SS11 duplex steel, e bontšang hore ho fokotsa ho boloka austenite ka ho phekola ka mor'a mocheso12 ho ka ntlafatsa ho hanyetsa ho apara.Joalo ka ha ho akarelitsoe mona, lingoliloeng li shebane haholo le ts'ebetso ea tribological ea letoto la 316L SS, athe ho na le lintlha tse nyane mabapi le ts'ebetso ea tribological ea letoto la litšepe tse entsoeng ka martensitic tse entsoeng ka mokhoa o eketsehileng tse nang le khabone e phahameng haholo.
Electron Beam Melting (EBM) ke mokhoa o ts'oanang le L-PBF e khonang ho etsa li-microstructures tse nang le li-carbides tse refractory tse kang vanadium e phahameng le chromium carbides ka lebaka la bokhoni ba eona ba ho finyella mocheso o phahameng le ho hlahloba litekanyetso tsa 21, 22. Lingoliloeng tse teng mabapi le ts'ebetso ea EBM ea stainless. tšepe e tsepamisitse maikutlo haholo ho khethollang litekanyetso tse nepahetseng tsa ts'ebetso ea ELM ho fumana microstructure ntle le mapetsong le li-pores le ho ntlafatsa thepa ea mochine23, 24, 25, 26, ha e ntse e sebetsa ho thepa ea tribological ea EBM e tšoara tšepe e sa hloekang.Ho fihlela joale, mokhoa oa ho roala oa tšepe e sa hloekang ea carbon martensitic e tšoaroang ka ELR e ithutoe tlas'a maemo a fokolang, 'me ho tlalehoa hore ho senyeha ho matla ha polasetiki ho etsahala tlas'a abrasive (teko ea sandpaper), maemo a omileng le a ho khoholeha ha seretse27.
Phuputso ena e ile ea etsa lipatlisiso tsa ho hanyetsa le ho hohlana ha tšepe e sa hloekang ea carbon martensitic e sebelisoang ka ELR tlas'a maemo a omileng a thellang a hlalositsoeng ka tlase.Ntlha ea pele, likarolo tsa microstructural li ne li khetholloa ka ho sebelisa microscope ea elektronike ea scanning (SEM), mahlaseli a matla a X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction le tlhahlobo ea litšoantšo.Lintlha tse fumanoeng ka mekhoa ena li sebelisoa e le motheo oa litebello tsa boitšoaro ba tribological ka liteko tse omeletseng tsa ho pheta-pheta tlas'a meroalo e fapaneng, 'me qetellong morphology e senyehileng ea holim'a metsi e hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa SEM-EDX le laser profilometers.Sekhahla sa ho roala se ile sa lekanngoa 'me sa bapisoa le litšepe tsa lisebelisoa tsa martensitic tse tšoaroang ka tsela e tšoanang.Sena se ile sa etsoa e le ho theha motheo oa ho bapisa mokhoa ona oa SS le mekhoa ea ho apara e sebelisoang hangata ka mofuta o tšoanang oa phekolo.Qetellong, 'mapa o fapaneng oa tsela ea ho roala o bontšoa ho sebelisoa algorithm ea 'mapa o thata o senolang deformation ea polasetiki e hlahang nakong ea ho kopana.Ho lokela ho hlokomeloa hore liteko tsa tribological bakeng sa thuto ena li ile tsa etsoa ho utloisisa hamolemo thepa ea tribological ea thepa ena e ncha, 'me e se ke ea etsisa kopo e itseng.Phuputso ena e kenya letsoho kutloisisong e betere ea thepa ea tribological ea tšepe e ncha ea martensitic e hlahisoang ka bongata bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa ho apara tse hlokang ho sebetsa libakeng tse thata.
Mehlala ea high carbon martensitic stainless steel (HCMSS) e tšoaroang ka ELR tlas'a lebitso la brand Vibenite® 350 e ile ea ntlafatsoa 'me ea fanoa ke VBN Components AB, Sweden.Sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale sa mohlala: 1.9 C, 20.0 Cr, 1.0 Mo, 4.0 V, 73.1 Fe (wt.%).Ntlha ea pele, mehlala e omeletseng ea ho thella (40 mm × 20 mm × 5 mm) e entsoe ka mehlala e fumanoeng e nang le mahlakore a mabeli (42 mm × 22 mm × 7 mm) ntle le phekolo leha e le efe ea ka mor'a mocheso o sebelisang mochine oa ho ntša motlakase (EDM).Joale lisampole li ne li siloa ka tatellano ka sandpaper ea SiC e nang le boholo ba lijo-thollo tsa 240 ho ea ho 2400 R ho fumana bokaholimo ba metsi (Ra) bo ka bang 0,15 μm.Ho feta moo, mehlala ea tšepe ea tšepe e entsoeng ka carbon e phahameng ea carbon martensitic (HCMTS) e entsoeng ka EBM e nang le lik'hemik'hale tsa 1.5 C, 4.0 Cr, 2.5 Mo, 2.5 W, 4.0 V, 85.5 Fe (wt. .%) (e tsejoang ka hore ke khoebo Vibenite® 150) E boetse e lokiselitsoe ka tsela e tšoanang.HCMTS e na le 8% ea li-carbides ka molumo mme e sebelisoa feela ho bapisa lintlha tsa sekhahla sa ho apara sa HCMSS.
Sebopeho sa microstructural sa HCMSS se entsoe ho sebelisoa SEM (FEI Quanta 250, USA) e nang le mochine oa motlakase oa ho qhala X-ray (EDX) XMax80 ho tloha Oxford Instruments.Lifotomicrograph tse tharo tse sa reroang tse nang le 3500 µm2 li ile tsa nkuoa ka mokhoa oa elektronike (BSE) ea morao-rao 'me tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo ea litšoantšo (ImageJ®)28 ho fumana karoloana ea sebaka (ke hore karolo ea molumo), boholo le sebopeho.Ka lebaka la sebopeho sa sebopeho se hlokometsoeng, karoloana ea sebaka e nkiloe e lekana le karoloana ea molumo.Ntle le moo, sebopeho sa carbides se baloa ho sebelisoa sebopeho sa sebopeho sa equation (Shfa):
Mona Ai ke sebaka sa carbide (µm2) mme Pi ke sebaka sa "carbide" (µm)29.Ho khetholla mekhahlelo, phofo ea X-ray diffraction (XRD) e ile ea etsoa ho sebelisoa X-ray diffractometer (Bruker D8 Discover le LynxEye 1D strip detector) e nang le mahlaseli a Co-Kα (λ = 1.79026 Å).Hlakola sampole holim'a sebaka sa 2θ ho tloha ho 35 ° ho isa ho 130 ° ka boholo ba mohato oa 0.02 ° le nako ea mohato ea metsotsoana e 2.Lintlha tsa XRD li ile tsa hlahlobjoa ho sebelisoa software ea Diffract.EVA, e nchafalitseng database ea crystallographic ka 2021. Ho phaella moo, ho ile ha sebelisoa Vickers hardness tester (Struers Durascan 80, Austria) ho fumana hore na microhardness ke efe.Ho latela maemo a ASTM E384-17 30, ho ile ha etsoa likhatiso tse 30 ho lisampole tse lokiselitsoeng ka metallographically ka 0.35 mm increments bakeng sa 10 s ho 5 kgf.Bangoli ba kile ba hlalosa likarolo tsa microstructural tsa HCMTS31.
Ho ile ha sebelisoa "ball plate tribometer" (Bruker Universal Mechanical Tester Tribolab, USA) ho etsa liteko tse omeletseng tsa ho apara, tseo tlhophiso ea tsona e hlalositsoeng ka botlalo libakeng tse ling31.Litekanyetso tsa liteko ke tse latelang: ho latela maemo a 32 ASTM G133-05, mojaro 3 N, khafetsa 1 Hz, stroke 3 mm, nako ea 1 hora.Aluminium oxide balls (Al2O3, accuracy class 28/ISO 3290) e bophara ba 10 mm e nang le macrohardness e ka bang 1500 HV le top roughness (Ra) e ka bang 0.05 µm, e fanoeng ke Redhill Precision, Czech Republic, e ne e sebelisoa e le li-counterweights. .Ho leka-lekanya ho ile ha khethoa ho thibela liphello tsa oxidation tse ka hlahang ka lebaka la ho leka-lekanya le ho utloisisa hamolemo mekhoa ea ho apara ea mehlala tlas'a maemo a thata a ho apara.Hoa lokela ho hlokomeloa hore litekanyetso tsa teko li tšoana le ho Ref.8 e le ho bapisa lintlha tsa tekanyo ea ho apara le lithuto tse teng.Ho phaella moo, letoto la liteko tse pheta-phetoang tse nang le mojaro oa 10 N li ile tsa etsoa ho netefatsa ts'ebetso ea tribological ka meroalo e phahameng, ha litekanyetso tse ling tsa teko li lula li le teng.Likhatello tsa pele tsa ho kopana ho latela Hertz ke 7.7 MPa le 11.5 MPa ho 3 N le 10 N, ka ho latellana.Nakong ea tlhahlobo ea ho apara, matla a khohlano a tlalehiloe ka makhetlo a 45 Hz 'me karolelano ea coefficient of friction (CoF) e baloa.Bakeng sa mojaro o mong le o mong, litekanyo tse tharo li ne li nkoa tlas'a maemo a tikoloho.
Tsela ea ho apara e ile ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa SEM e hlalositsoeng ka holimo, 'me tlhahlobo ea EMF e entsoe ka Aztec Acquisition wear surface analysis software.Sebaka se senyehileng sa cube e pentiloeng se ile sa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa microscope ea optical (Keyence VHX-5000, Japane).Setsebi sa laser se sa amaneng le motho (NanoFocus µScan, Germany) se hlahlobile letshwao la ho roala ka qeto e emeng ya ±0.1 µm ho bapa le z axis le 5 µm ho bapa le dilepe tsa x le y.'Mapa oa boemo bo holimo o entsoe ho Matlab® ho sebelisoa likhokahano tsa x, y, z tse fumanoeng litekanyong tsa profil.Lipalo-palo tse 'maloa tse otlolohileng tse ntšitsoeng 'mapeng oa boemo bo holimo li sebelisoa ho bala tahlehelo ea molumo tseleng ea ho apara.Tahlehelo ea molumo e ne e baloa e le sehlahisoa sa karolo e kaalo-karolo ea profil ea terata le bolelele ba pina, 'me lintlha tse ling tsa mokhoa ona li hlalositsoe pele ke bangoli33.Ho tloha mona, sekhahla se ikhethileng sa moaparo (k) se fumanoa ka foromo e latelang:
Mona V ke tahlehelo ea molumo ka lebaka la ho apara (mm3), W ke mojaro o sebelisitsoeng (N), L ke sebaka se thellang (mm), 'me k ke tekanyo e khethehileng ea ho apara (mm3 / Nm)34.Lintlha tsa friction le 'mapa oa boemo bo holimo bakeng sa HCMTS li kenyelelitsoe ho tlatsetso (Figure S1 le Figure S2) ho bapisa litekanyetso tsa ho apara tsa HCMSS.
Phuputsong ena, 'mapa oa ho thatafala ha likarolo tsa litsela o ile oa sebelisoa ho bontša boitšoaro ba polasetiki ea deformation (ke hore mosebetsi o thata ka lebaka la khatello ea ho kopana) ea sebaka sa ho apara.Lisampole tse bentšitsoeng li ile tsa khaoloa ka lebili la aluminium oxide e sehang mochining oa ho itšeha (Struers Accutom-5, Austria) 'me tsa bentšoa ka limaraka tsa sandpaper tsa SiC ho tloha ho 240 ho isa ho 4000 P hammoho le botenya ba lisampole.Tekanyo ea boima ba microhard ka 0.5 kgf 10 s le 0.1 mm sebaka ho latela ASTM E348-17.Litšoantšo li ile tsa behoa holim'a marang-rang a 1.26 × 0.3 mm2 a kgutlonne e ka bang 60 µm ka tlase ho bokaholimo (setšoantšo sa 1) 'me 'mapa oa boima o ile oa etsoa ho sebelisoa khoutu ea Matlab® e hlalositsoeng kae kapa kae35.Ho phaella moo, microstructure ea karolo ea sefapano sa sebaka sa ho roala e ile ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa SEM.
Sekema sa letšoao la ho roala se bontšang sebaka sa karolo ea sefapano (a) le micrograph ea optical ea 'mapa oa boima bo bontšang letšoao le khethiloeng karolong ea sefapano (b).
Microstructure ea HCMSS e tšoaroang ka ELP e na le marang-rang a homogeneous carbide e pota-potiloeng ke matrix (Setšoantšo sa 2a, b).Tlhahlobo ea EDX e bontšitse hore li-carbide tse bohlooho le tse lefifi e ne e le chromium le vanadium rich carbides, ka ho latellana (Letlapa la 1).Ha e baloa ho tloha tlhahlobo ea litšoantšo, karolo ea palo ea li-carbides e hakanngoa ho ~ 22.5% (~ 18.2% e phahameng ea chromium carbides le ~ 4.3% e phahameng ea vanadium carbides).Ka karolelano boholo ba lijo-thollo bo nang le liphapang tse tloaelehileng ke 0.64 ± 0.2 µm le 1.84 ± 0.4 µm bakeng sa V le Cr rich carbides, ka ho latellana (Fig. 2c, d).Li-carbide tse phahameng tsa V li na le ho ba selikalikoe ka sebopeho sa sebopeho (± SD) se ka bang 0.88±0.03 hobane boleng ba sebopeho se haufi le 1 bo tsamaisana le li-carbide tse chitja.Ka lehlakoreng le leng, li-carbide tse phahameng tsa chromium ha li pota-potile hantle, li na le sebopeho sa hoo e ka bang 0.56 ± 0.01, e ka 'nang ea bakoa ke ho kopana.Martensite (α, bcc) le ho boloka litlhōrō tsa li-austenite (γ ', fcc) li ile tsa fumanoa ka mokhoa oa X-ray oa HCMSS joalokaha ho bontšitsoe setšoantšong sa 2e.Ho phaella moo, mohlala oa X-ray o bontša boteng ba li-carbides tsa bobeli.Li-carbide tse phahameng tsa chromium li khethiloe e le li-carbides tsa mofuta oa M3C2 le M23C6.Ho ea ka boitsebiso ba lingoliloeng, litlhōrō tsa diffraction tsa 36,37,38 tsa VC carbides li ngotsoe ho ≈43 ° le 63 °, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore litlhōrō tsa VC li ne li koahetsoe ke litlhōrō tsa M23C6 tsa li-carbides tse nang le chromium (Setšoantšo sa 2e).
Microstructure ea carbon martensitic stainless steel stainless e sebetsoang ka EBL (a) ka ho holisa ha tlase le (b) ka ho holisa holimo, e bonts'ang chromium le vanadium e ngata ea carbide le matrix ea tšepe e sa hloekang (electron backscattering mode).Li-graph tsa bar tse bontšang kabo ea boholo ba lijo-thollo tsa chromium-rich (c) le vanadium-rich (d) carbides.Mokhoa oa X-ray o bontša boteng ba martensite, li-austenite tse bolokiloeng le li-carbides ka har'a microstructure (d).
Ka karolelano microhardness ke 625.7 + 7.5 HV5, e bontšang boima bo batlang bo le holimo ha bo bapisoa le tšepe e sa hloekang ea martensitic e tloaelehileng (450 HV) 1 ntle le phekolo ea mocheso.The nanoindentation hardness ea high V carbides le high Cr carbides ho tlalehoa e le pakeng tsa 12 le 32.5 GPa39 le 13-22 GPa40, ka ho latellana.Ka hona, boima bo phahameng ba HCMSS bo tšoaroang ka ELP bo bakoa ke lintho tse ngata tsa carbon, tse khothalletsang ho thehoa ha marang-rang a carbide.Ka hona, HSMSS e tšoaroang ka ELP e bontša litšobotsi tse ntle tsa microstructural le ho thatafala ntle le phekolo e eketsehileng ea ka mor'a mocheso.
Li-curve tsa karolelano ea coefficient of friction (CoF) bakeng sa disampole ho 3 N le 10 N li hlahisoa ho Setšoantšo sa 3, mefuta e mengata ea maemo a tlase le a holimo a khohlano a tšoailoe ka moriti o hlakileng.Mokokotlo o mong le o mong o bonts'a mohato oa ho matha le mohato o tsitsitseng.Mokhahlelo oa ho matha o fella ka 1.2 m le CoF (± SD) ea 0.41 ± 0.24.3 N le ho 3.7 m le CoF ea 0.71 ± 0.16.10 N, pele e kena boemong bo tsitsitseng ha khohlano e emisa.ha e fetohe kapele.Ka lebaka la sebaka se senyenyane sa ho ikopanya le ho senyeha ha polasetiki ea pele, matla a khohlano a ile a eketseha ka potlako nakong ea ho matha ka 3 N le 10 N, moo ho nang le matla a phahameng a likhohlano le sebaka se selelele sa ho thella ho 10 N, e ka 'nang ea etsahala. ho 'nete ea hore Ha ho bapisoa le 3 N, tšenyo ea bokaholimo e phahame.Bakeng sa 3 N le 10 N, boleng ba CoF mohatong oa ho emisa ke 0.78 ± 0.05 le 0.67 ± 0.01, ka ho latellana.CoF e batla e tsitsitse ho 10 N 'me e eketseha butle-butle ho 3 N. Lingoliloeng tse fokolang, CoF ea L-PBF e ne e tšoara tšepe e sa hloekang ha e bapisoa le 'mele ea lik'hemik'hale tsa ceramic ho tloha ho 0.5 ho ea ho 0.728, 20, 42. tumellano e ntle le litekanyetso tsa CoF tse lekantsoeng thutong ena.Ho fokotseha ha CoF ka mojaro o ntseng o eketseha maemong a tsitsitseng (hoo e ka bang 14.1%) ho ka amahanngoa le ho senyeha ha bokaholimo ho hlahang pakeng tsa bokaholimo bo tsofetseng le bo bong, e leng ho tla tšohloa hape karolong e latelang ka tlhahlobo ea bokaholimo ba sebaka se senyehileng. disampole tse tsofetseng.
Li-coefficients tsa friction tsa disampole tsa VSMSS tse tšoaroang ka ELP litseleng tse thellang ho 3 N le 10 N, mokhahlelo o emeng o tšoailoe mokokotlo ka mong.
Litefiso tse khethehileng tsa ho apara tsa HKMS (625.7 HV) li hakanngoa ho 6.56 ± 0.33 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm le 9.66 ± 0.37 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm ho 3 N le 10 N, ka ho latellana (Setšoantšo sa 4).Ka hona, sekhahla sa ho roala se eketseha ka mojaro o ntseng o eketseha, o lumellanang hantle le lithuto tse teng ka austenite e tšoaroang ka L-PBF le PH SS17,43.Tlas'a maemo a tšoanang a tribological, sekhahla sa ho roala ho 3 N ke hoo e ka bang karolo ea bohlano bakeng sa tšepe e sa hloekang ea austenitic e tšoaroang ka L-PBF (k = 3.50 ± 0.3 × 10-5 mm3/Nm, 229 HV), joalo ka tabeng e fetileng. .8. Ho phaella moo, sekhahla sa ho roala ha HCMSS ho 3 N se ne se le tlase haholo ho feta litšepe tse tloaelehileng tsa austenitic tse sa hloekang 'me, haholo-holo, tse phahameng ho feta tse hatelitsoeng haholo tsa isotropic (k = 4.20 ± 0.3 × 10-5 mm3)./Nm, 176 HV) le ho lahla (k = 4.70 ± 0.3 × 10–5 mm3/Nm, 156 HV) e entsoeng ka tšepe e sa hloekang ea austenitic, 8, ka ho latellana.Ha ho bapisoa le lithuto tsena libukeng, khanyetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea HCMSS e hlahisoa ke khabone e phahameng le marang-rang a carbide a hlahisang boima bo phahameng ho feta litšepe tse sa hloekang tsa austenitic tse entsoeng ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng.Ho tsoela pele ho ithuta tekanyo ea ho roala ha mehlala ea HCMSS, mohlala o tšoanang oa mochine o phahameng oa carbon martensitic tool steel (HCMTS) (o nang le boima ba 790 HV) o ile oa lekoa tlas'a maemo a tšoanang (3 N le 10 N) bakeng sa ho bapisa;Boitsebiso bo tlatselletsang ke 'Mapa oa Boemo ba Boemo ba HCMTS (Setšoantšo sa Tlatsetso S2).Sekhahla sa ho roala ha HCMSS (k = 6.56 ± 0.34 × 10–6 mm3/Nm) se batla se tšoana le sa HCMTS ho 3 N (k = 6.65 ± 0.68 × 10-6 mm3/Nm), e bontšang ho hanyetsa ho apara hantle. .Litšobotsi tsena haholo-holo li bakoa ke likarolo tsa microstructural tsa HCMSS (ke hore, li-carbide tse ngata, boholo, sebōpeho le kabo ea likaroloana tsa carbide ka har'a matrix, joalokaha ho hlalositsoe Karolong ea 3.1).Joalokaha ho tlalehiloe pele31,44, litaba tsa carbide li ama bophara le botebo ba leqeba la ho roala le mochine oa ho roala ha micro-abrasive.Leha ho le joalo, litaba tsa carbide ha li lekane ho sireletsa lefu ka 10 N, e leng se bakang ho apara ho eketsehileng.Karolong e latelang, morpholoji ea ho roala holim'a metsi le topography e sebelisetsoa ho hlalosa mekhoa ea ho apara le ea ho senyeha e amang sekhahla sa ho roala ha HCMSS.Ho 10 N, tekanyo ea ho apara VCMSS (k = 9.66 ± 0.37 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm) e phahame ho feta VKMTS (k = 5.45 ± 0.69 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm).Ho e-na le hoo, litekanyetso tsena tsa ho apara li ntse li phahame haholo: tlas'a maemo a tšoanang a teko, sekhahla sa ho roala ha liaparo tse thehiloeng ho chromium le stellite se tlase ho feta sa HCMSS45,46.Qetellong, ka lebaka la boima bo phahameng ba alumina (1500 HV), tekanyo ea ho roala ha mating e ne e sa utloahale 'me matšoao a ho fetisoa ha thepa ho tloha ho mohlala ho ea ho libolo tsa aluminium li ile tsa fumanoa.
Ho roala ka ho khetheha ho ELR machining ea high carbon martensitic stainless steel (HMCSS), ELR machining ea high carbon martensitic tool steel (HCMTS) le L-PBF, casting and high isotropic pressing (HIP) machining ea austenitic stainless steel (316LSS) ka mefuta e fapaneng ea lisebelisoa. mabelo a kentsoeng.The scatterplot e bontša ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng ha litekanyo.Lintlha tsa litšepe tse sa hloekang tsa austenitic li nkuoa ho 8.
Le hoja li-hardfacing tse kang chromium le stellite li ka fana ka khanyetso e ntle ea ho apara ho feta li-alloy systems, machining a tlatsetso a ka (1) ntlafatsa microstructure, haholo-holo bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse nang le mefuta e mengata e fapaneng.opereishene karolong e qetellang;le (3) ho theha li-topology tse ncha tse kang li-bearings tse matla tsa mokelikeli.Ho feta moo, AM e fana ka phetoho ea moralo oa geometri.Boithuto bona ke buka e ncha haholo ebile e bohlokoa kaha ho bohlokoa ho hlakisa litšobotsi tsa moaparo oa li-alloys tsa tšepe tse sa tsoa ntlafatsoa tse nang le EBM, tseo lingoliloeng tsa hajoale li fokolang haholo.
Morpholoji ea sebaka se senyehileng le sebopeho sa lisampole tse tsofetseng ho 3 N li bonts'oa feiga.5, moo mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ho roala e leng abrasion e lateloang ke oxidation.Ntlha ea pele, substrate ea tšepe e holofetse ka polasetiki ebe e tlosoa ho etsa li-grooves tse 1 ho isa ho tse 3 µm tse tebileng, joalo ka ha ho bontšitsoe setšoantšong se ka holimo (setšoantšo sa 5a).Ka lebaka la mocheso o sa tsitsang o hlahisoang ke ho thellela ho tsoelang pele, thepa e tlositsoeng e sala e le sebopeho sa tsamaiso ea tribological, e etsang lera la tribological le nang le lihlekehleke tse nyenyane tsa oxide e phahameng ea tšepe e pota-potileng chromium e phahameng le vanadium carbides (Setšoantšo sa 5b le Letlapa la 2).), joalokaha ho ile ha tlalehoa hape bakeng sa tšepe e sa hloekang ea austenitic e tšoaroang ka L-PBF15,17.Ka feiga.5c e bonts'a oxidation e matla e etsahalang bohareng ba leqeba.Ka hona, ho thehoa ha lesela la likhohlano ho nolofalloa ke ho timetsoa ha sekhahla sa khohlano (ke hore, oxide layer) (setšoantšo sa 5f) kapa ho tlosoa ha thepa ho etsahala libakeng tse fokolang ka har'a microstructure, kahoo ho potlakisa ho tlosoa ha thepa.Maemong ana ka bobeli, ho senyeha ha lera la likhohlano ho lebisa ho thehoeng ha lihlahisoa tsa ho roala ka har'a sebopeho, e ka 'nang ea e-ba lebaka la ho ba le tšekamelo ea ho eketseha ha CoF sebakeng se tsitsitseng sa 3N (setšoantšo sa 3).Ho phaella moo, ho na le matšoao a likarolo tse tharo tse bakoang ke li-oxides le likaroloana tse hlephileng tsa ho apara tseleng ea ho apara, eo qetellong e lebisang ho thehoeng ha li-micro-scratches holim'a substrate (Fig. 5b, e) 9,12,47.
Boemo ba holim'a metsi (a) le li-photomicrographs (b-f) tsa "wear surface morphology" tsa tšepe e sa jeleng e entsoeng ka carbon martensitic e entsoeng ka ELP ka 3 N, karolo e fapaneng ea letšoao la ho apara ka mokhoa oa BSE (d) le microscope ea optical ea ho apara. bokaholimo ho 3 N (g) lidikadika tsa aluminium.
Li-slip bands tse entsoeng holim'a substrate ea tšepe, tse bontšang deformation ea polasetiki ka lebaka la ho apara (setšoantšo sa 5e).Liphetho tse tšoanang li ile tsa boela tsa fumanoa thutong ea boitšoaro ba SS47 austenitic steel e tšoaroang ka L-PBF.Ho tsosolosoa ha li-carbide tse ruileng tsa vanadium ho boetse ho bontša deformation ea polasetiki ea matrix ea tšepe nakong ea ho thella (setšoantšo sa 5e).Li-micrographs tsa karolo ea sefapano sa letšoao la ho apara li bontša ho ba teng ha likoti tse nyenyane tse pota-potileng tse pota-potiloeng ke li-microcracks (setšoantšo sa 5d), se ka 'nang sa bakoa ke ho senyeha ho feteletseng ha polasetiki haufi le holim'a metsi.Thepa e fetisetsoang ho aluminium oxide spheres e ne e lekanyelitsoe, ha likaroloana li ntse li le teng (setšoantšo sa 5g).
Bophara le botebo ba ho apara lisampole bo ile ba eketseha ka mojaro o ntseng o eketseha (ho 10 N), joalokaha ho bontšitsoe 'mapeng oa topography (setšoantšo sa 6a).Abrasion le oxidation e ntse e le mekhoa e ka sehloohong ea ho apara, 'me ho eketseha ha palo ea li-micro-scratches tseleng ea ho apara ho bontša hore ho apara likarolo tse tharo ho boetse ho etsahala ho 10 N (setšoantšo sa 6b).Tlhahlobo ea EDX e bontšitse ho thehoa ha lihlekehleke tsa oxide tse nang le tšepe.Litlhōrō tsa Al ka ponong li tiisitse hore ho fetisoa ha ntho ho tloha ho molekane ho ea ho sampuli ho etsahetse ho 10 N (setšoantšo sa 6c le Letlapa la 3), ha se sa ka sa hlokomeloa ho 3 N (Letlapa la 2).Ho roala ha 'mele e meraro ho bakoa ke ho roala likaroloana tse tsoang lihlekehlekeng tsa oxide le li-analogues, moo tlhahlobo e qaqileng ea EDX e senotseng thepa ea thepa e tsoang ho li-analogues (Supplementary Figure S3 le Table S1).Tsoelo-pele ea lihlekehleke tsa oxide e amahanngoa le likoti tse tebileng, tse bonoang hape ho 3N (setšoantšo sa 5).Ho phunyeha le ho arohana ha li-carbides haholo-holo ho etsahala ka li-carbides tse ruileng ka 10 N Cr (setšoantšo sa 6e, f).Ho phaella moo, li-carbides tse phahameng tsa V li fofa 'me li apara matrix a potolohileng, e leng se etsang hore likarolo tse tharo li apere.Sekoti se tšoanang ka boholo le sebōpeho sa V carbide e phahameng (e totobalitsoeng ka selikalikoe se khubelu) e boetse e hlaha karolong ea sefapano sa pina (setšoantšo sa 6d) (sheba boholo ba carbide le tlhahlobo ea sebōpeho. 3.1), e bontšang hore V e phahameng carbide V ka flake theoha matrix ka 10 N. Sebopeho se chitja ea phahameng V carbides kenya letsoho hore ho hula e le hantle, ha agglomerated phahameng Cr carbides le tsekamelo ea ho cracking (sa feiga. 6e, f).Boitšoaro bona ba ho hlōleha bo bontša hore matrix e fetisitse matla a eona a ho mamella deformation ea polasetiki le hore microstructure ha e fane ka matla a lekaneng a ts'usumetso ho 10 N. Ho phunyeha ka holimo ka tlas'a metsi (setšoantšo sa 6d) se bontša matla a ho senyeha ha polasetiki ho etsahalang nakong ea ho thella.Ha mojaro o ntse o eketseha ho na le ho fetisoa ha thepa ho tloha pina e senyehileng ho ea ho bolo ea alumina (setšoantšo sa 6g), se ka bang boemo bo tsitsitseng ho 10 N. Lebaka le ka sehloohong la ho fokotseha ha litekanyetso tsa CoF (setšoantšo sa 3).
Boemo ba holim'a metsi (a) le li-photomicrographs (b-f) tsa topography ea holim'a metsi (b-f) ea carbon martensitic stainless steel stainless steel e entsoeng ka EBA ka 10 N, e nang le li-cross-section ka mokhoa oa BSE (d) le holim'a microscope ea optical. ea sphere ea aluminium ka 10 N (g).
Nakong ea liaparo tse thellang, bokaholimo bo tlas'a khatello ea khatello e bakoang ke antibody le ho kuta, e leng se bakang ho senyeha ho hoholo ha polasetiki ka tlas'a bokaholimo bo senyehileng34,48,49.Ka hona, ho thatafala ha mosebetsi ho ka etsahala ka tlase ho bokaholimo ka lebaka la deformation ea polasetiki, e amang mekhoa ea ho roala le ea deformation e khethollang boitšoaro ba thepa.Ka hona, 'mapa oa ho thatafala ha likarolo (joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe Karolong ea 2.4) ho ile ha etsoa thutong ena ho fumana hore na ho na le sebaka sa polasetiki sa deformation (PDZ)) ka tlas'a tsela ea ho roala e le mosebetsi oa mojaro.Kaha, joalokaha ho boletsoe likarolong tse fetileng, matšoao a hlakileng a deformation ea polasetiki a ile a hlokomeloa ka tlas'a mokhoa oa ho apara (setšoantšo sa 5d, 6d), haholo-holo ho 10 N.
Ka feiga.Setšoantšo sa 7 se bonts'a litšoantšo tse thata tsa likarolo tsa matšoao a ho roala a HCMSS a tšoaroang ka ELP ho 3 N le 10 N. Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore litekanyetso tsena tsa boima li ne li sebelisoa e le index ea ho lekola phello ea ho thatafala ha mosebetsi.Phetoho ea boima bo ka tlase ho letšoao la ho apara e tsoa ho 667 ho ea ho 672 HV ho 3 N (setšoantšo sa 7a), e bontšang hore ho thatafala ha mosebetsi ha ho na thuso.Mohlomong, ka lebaka la qeto e tlase ea 'mapa oa microhardness (ke hore sebaka se pakeng tsa matšoao), mokhoa oa ho metha boima bo sebelisitsoeng ha oa khona ho lemoha liphetoho ho thatafala.Ho fapana le hoo, libaka tsa PDZ tse nang le boleng ba boima ho tloha ho 677 ho isa ho 686 HV tse nang le botebo bo boholo ba 118 µm le bolelele ba 488 µm li ile tsa bonoa ho 10 N (Setšoantšo sa 7b), se amanang le bophara ba pina ea ho roala ( Setšoantšo sa 6a)).Lintlha tse tšoanang mabapi le phapang ea boholo ba PDZ le mojaro li ile tsa fumanoa thutong ea SS47 e tšoaroang ka L-PBF.Liphetho li bonts'a hore boteng ba li-austenite tse bolokiloeng li ama ductility ea litšepe tse entsoeng ka bongata 3, 12, 50, 'me li-austenite tse bolokiloeng li fetoha martensite nakong ea deformation ea polasetiki (phello ea polasetiki ea phetoho ea mohato), e ntlafatsang mosebetsi oa ho thatafala ha tšepe.tšepe 51. Kaha mohlala oa VCMSS o ne o e-na le austenite e bolokiloeng ho latela mokhoa oa X-ray diffraction o tšohliloeng pejana (setšoantšo sa 2e), ho ile ha etsoa tlhahiso ea hore ho bolokoa austenite ka har'a microstructure ho ka fetoha martensite nakong ea ho kopana, kahoo ho eketsa boima ba PDZ. Setšoantšo sa 7b).Ho phaella moo, ho thehoa ha slip ho etsahala tseleng ea ho apara (setšoantšo sa 5e, 6f) se boetse se bontša deformation ea polasetiki e bakoang ke dislocation slip tlas'a ketso ea khatello ea ho kuta ha ho kopana le ho thella.Leha ho le joalo, khatello ea ho kuta e bakoang ke 3 N e ne e sa lekana ho hlahisa sekhahla se phahameng sa dislocation kapa phetoho ea ho boloka austenite ho martensite e hlokometsoeng ka mokhoa o sebelisoang, kahoo ho thatafala ha mosebetsi ho ile ha hlokomeloa feela ho 10 N (Setšoantšo sa 7b).
Litšoantšo tsa ho thatafala ha lipina tsa tšepe ea martensitic e phahameng ea carbon martensitic e kenngoeng ke mochine o ntšang motlakase ho 3 N (a) le 10 N (b).
Boithuto bona bo bonts'a boits'oaro le litšobotsi tsa microstructural tsa tšepe e ncha e phahameng ea carbon martensitic e tšoaroang ka ELR.Liteko tse omileng tsa ho apara li ile tsa etsoa ka ho thella ka tlas'a meroalo e fapaneng, 'me lisampole tse tsofetseng li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa microscope ea elektrone, laser profilometer le limmapa tse thata tsa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa lipina.
Tlhahlobo ea microstructural e senoletse kabo e tšoanang ea li-carbides tse nang le chromium e ngata (~ 18.2% carbides) le vanadium (~ 4.3% carbides) ka matrix a martensite le ho boloka austenite e nang le microhardness e batlang e le holimo.Mekhoa e meholo ea ho roala ke ho roala le oxidation meroalo e tlase, ha ho roala ha 'mele e meraro ho bakoang ke li-carbide tse phahameng tsa V le li-oxide tsa lijo-thollo tse hlephileng le tsona li kenya letsoho ho roala meroalo e ntseng e eketseha.Sekhahla sa ho roala se betere ho feta L-PBF le litšepe tse tloaelehileng tse entsoeng ka mochini oa austenitic, 'me li ts'oana le tsa lisebelisoa tsa mochini oa EBM ka meroalo e tlase.Boleng ba CoF bo fokotseha ka mojaro o ntseng o eketseha ka lebaka la ho fetisetsoa ha thepa ho 'mele o fapaneng.U sebelisa mokhoa oa 'mapa oa ho thatafala ha likarolo, sebaka sa deformation sa polasetiki se bontšoa ka tlase ho letšoao la ho roala.Ntlafatso e ka bang teng ea lijo-thollo le liphetoho tsa mohato ka har'a matrix li ka hlahlojoa ho ea pele ho sebelisoa electron backscatter diffraction ho utloisisa hamolemo liphello tsa ho thatafala ha mosebetsi.Qeto e tlase ea 'mapa oa microhardness ha e lumelle pono ea boima ba libaka tsa ho apara ka meroalo e tlaase e sebelisoang, kahoo nanoindentation e ka fana ka liphetoho tse phahameng tsa ho thatafala ho sebelisa mokhoa o tšoanang.
Boithuto bona bo fana ka khetlo la pele tlhahlobo e batsi ea ho se mamelle le ho hohlana ha tšepe e ncha e phahameng ea carbon martensitic e tšoaroang ka ELR.Ha ho nahanoa ka tokoloho ea moralo oa jiometri ea AM le monyetla oa ho fokotsa mehato ea machining ka AM, lipatlisiso tsena li ka bula tsela bakeng sa tlhahiso ea thepa ena e ncha le ts'ebeliso ea eona ho lisebelisoa tse amanang le ho roala ho tloha ho li-shafts ho ea ho hlobo ea ente ea polasetiki e nang le mocha o thata oa ho pholisa.
Bhat, BN Aerospace Materials and Applications, vol.255 (Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Aeronautics le Astronautics, 2018).
Bajaj, P. et al.Tšepe tlhahisong ea tlatsetso: tlhahlobo ea microstructure ea eona le thepa.alma mater.saense.morero.772, (2020).
Felli, F., Brotzu, A., Vendittozzi, C., Paolozzi, A. le Passeggio, F. Tšenyo ea sefahleho se apereng sa EN 3358 lisebelisoa tsa moea tse sa hloekang nakong ea ho thella.Boena.Mong.Sehlopha sa Strut.23, 127-135 (2012).
Debroy, T. et al.Tlhahiso e Ekelitsoeng ea Likarolo Tsa Metal - Ts'ebetso, Sebopeho le Ts'ebetso.mananeo.alma mater.saense.92, 112–224 (2018).
Herzog D., Sejda V., Vicisk E. le Emmelmann S. Ho hlahisa lisebelisoa tsa tšepe.(2016).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.07.019.
ASTM International.Mareo a tloaelehileng bakeng sa theknoloji ea tlhahiso ea tlatsetso.Tlhahiso e potlakileng.Motlatsi oa moprofesa.https://doi.org/10.1520/F2792-12A.2 (2013).
Bartolomeu F. et al.Mechini le thepa ea tribological ea 316L tšepe e sa hloekang - papiso ea ho qhibiliha ha laser e khethiloeng, ho hatella ho chesang le ho lahla ho tloaelehileng.Kenyeletsa ho.moetsi.16, 81-89 (2017).
Bakhshwan, M., Myant, KW, Reddichoff, T., and Pham, MS Microstructure Contribution to Additively Fabricated 316L Stainless Steel Dry Sliding Wear Mechanisms le Anisotropy.alma mater.dec.196, 109076 (2020).
Bogelein T., Drypondt SN, Pandey A., Dawson K. le Tatlock GJ Karabelo ea mochine le mekhoa ea ho fetola mehaho ea tšepe e thata ka ho qhalakanngoa ha tšepe ea oxide e fumanoang ka ho qhibiliha ha laser.makasine.87, 201-215 (2015).
Saeidi K., Alvi S., Lofay F., Petkov VI le Akhtar, F. Matla a phahameng a mochine ka mor'a phekolo ea mocheso oa SLM 2507 kamoreng le mocheso o phahameng, o thusoa ke pula e thata / ductile sigma.Tšepe (Basel).La 9, (2019).
Lashgari, HR, Kong, K., Adabifiroozjaei, E., and Li, S. Microstructure, post-heat reaction, and tribological properties of 3D-printed 17-4 PH stainless steel properties.Ho roala 456–457, (2020).
Liu, Y., Tang, M., Hu, Q., Zhang, Y., le Zhang, L. Densification behaviour, microstructure evolution, le thepa ea mechine ea TiC/AISI420 stainless steel composites tse entsoeng ka laser melting e khethehileng.alma mater.dec.187, 1–13 (2020).
Zhao X. et al.Ho qaptjoa le ho khetholla ha AISI 420 tšepe e sa hloekang e sebelisang ho qhibiliha ha laser.alma mater.moetsi.tshebetso.30, 1283-1289 (2015).
Sun Y., Moroz A. le Alrbey K. Litšobotsi tsa moaparo o thellang le boits'oaro ba ho bola ha laser e khethang ho qhibiliha ea 316L tšepe e sa hloekang.J. Alma mater.morero.phethisa.23, 518–526 (2013).
Shibata, K. et al.Ho ferekana le ho roala ha tšepe e sa hloekang ka phofshoana tlas'a lubrication ea oli [J].Tribiol.ka hare 104, 183-190 (2016).
Nako ea poso: Phup-09-2023