Protocol e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea teko (Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers) e na le mekhoa e tobileng ea ntho e tlas'a teko.

Protocol e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea teko (Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers) e na le mekhoa e tobileng ea ntho e tlas'a teko.Rockwell t-test e thusa ho lekola liphaephe tse nang le mabota a masesaane ka ho seha phala ka bolelele le ho sheba lebota la liphaephe ka bophara ba kahare ho fapana le bophara ba kantle.
Ho laela lipeipi ho batla ho tšoana le ho ea lebenkeleng la likoloi le ho reka koloi kapa teraka.Hona joale ho na le likhetho tse ngata tse teng tse lumellang bareki ho iketsetsa koloi ka mekhoa e fapaneng - mebala e ka hare le ea ka ntle, liphutheloana tse fokolang, likhetho tsa ka ntle tsa setaele, khetho ea powertrain, le tsamaiso ea molumo e batlang e lekana le tsamaiso ea boithabiso ea lapeng.Ka likhetho tsena kaofela, mohlomong u ke ke ua khotsofatsoa ke koloi e tloaelehileng e se nang frills.
Sena se sebetsa ho liphaephe tsa tšepe.E na le likhetho tse likete kapa litlhaloso.Ho phaella ho litekanyo, tlhaloso e bua ka thepa ea lik'hemik'hale le lisebelisoa tse 'maloa tsa mochine tse kang bonyane ba matla a chai (MYS), matla a ho qetela a matla (UTS), le bolelele bo fokolang ba ho hlōleha.Leha ho le joalo, ba bangata indastering—lienjiniere, baemeli ba rekang, le bahlahisi—ba sebelisa mantsoe a khutsufalitsoeng a indasteri ’me ba bitsa liphaephe tse “bonolo” tse cheselitsoeng ’me ba thathamisa tšobotsi e le ’ngoe feela: ho thatafala.
Leka ho odara koloi ho latela tšobotsi e le 'ngoe ("Ke hloka koloi e nang le phetiso ea othomathiki"),' me u ke ke ua ea hole le morekisi.O tlameha ho tlatsa foromo e nang le likhetho tse ngata.Ho joalo le ka liphaephe tsa tšepe: e le hore u fumane phala e loketseng kopo, moetsi oa liphaephe o hloka boitsebiso bo bongata ho feta boima.
Ho tlile joang hore ho thatafala ho fetohe sebaka se amohelehang sa lisebelisoa tse ling tsa mochini?Mohlomong e qalile ka baetsi ba liphaephe.Hobane tlhahlobo ea boima e potlakile, e bonolo, 'me e hloka lisebelisoa tse batlang li le theko e tlaase, hangata barekisi ba liphaephe ba sebelisa tlhahlobo ea boima ho bapisa mefuta e' meli ea liphaephe.Seo ba se hlokang feela ho etsa tlhahlobo ea boima ba 'mele ke sekotoana se boreleli sa phala le mochini oa liteko.
Ho thatafala ha liphaephe ho amana haufi-ufi le UTS 'me molao oa letsoho (liperesente kapa palo ea liperesente) o na le thuso bakeng sa ho hakanya MYS, kahoo ho bonolo ho bona hore na tlhahlobo ea boima e ka ba moemeli ea loketseng bakeng sa thepa e meng.
Ho phaella moo, liteko tse ling li batla li le boima.Le ha tlhahlobo ea boima ba 'mele e nka motsotso mochining o le mong, MYS, UTS le liteko tsa bolelele li hloka ho lokisoa ha sampole le matsete a bohlokoa ho lisebelisoa tse kholo tsa laboratori.Ha ho bapisoa, motho ea sebetsang leloala la liphaephe o phethela teko ea boima ka metsotsoana, athe setsebi sa metallurgist se etsa tlhahlobo e matla ka lihora tse 'maloa.Ho etsa teko ea boimana ha ho thata.
Sena ha se bolele hore baetsi ba lipeipi tsa boenjiniere ha ba sebelise liteko tsa boima.Ho bolokehile ho bolela hore bongata bo etsa sena, empa kaha ba lekola ho pheta-pheta ha lisebelisoa le ho ikatisa ho lisebelisoa tsohle tsa tlhahlobo, ba tseba hantle mefokolo ea tlhahlobo.Boholo ba bona ba e sebelisa ho lekola boima ba tube e le karolo ea ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso, empa u se ke ua e sebelisa ho lekanya thepa ea tube.Ke teko feela ea ho pasa/ho hloleha.
Hobaneng ke hloka ho tseba MYS, UTS le bonyane ba bolelele?Li bontša ts'ebetso ea kopano ea tube.
MYS ke matla a fokolang a bakang deformation e sa feleng ea thepa.Haeba u leka ho koba terata e otlolohileng hanyenyane (joaloka hanger) le ho lokolla khatello, e 'ngoe ea lintho tse peli e tla etsahala: e tla khutlela boemong ba eona ba pele (e otlolohileng) kapa e lule e kobehile.Haeba e ntse e otlolohile, joale ha o so fihle ho MYS.Haeba e ntse e kobehile, u fositse.
Joale tšoara lipheletsong tsa terata ka pliers.Haeba u ka roba terata ka halofo, u se u fetile UTS.U e hula ka thata 'me u na le likotoana tse peli tsa terata ho bontša boiteko ba hau bo phahametseng motho.Haeba bolelele ba pele ba terata e ne e le lisenthimithara tse 5, 'me bolelele ba bobeli ka mor'a ho hlōleha bo eketsa lisenthimithara tse 6, mohala o tla otlolla 1 inch, kapa 20%.Liteko tsa 'nete tsa tsitsipano li lekantsoe ka har'a lisenthimithara tse 2 tsa sebaka sa khefu, empa ho sa tsotelehe hore na - mohopolo oa tsitsipano ea mohala o bontša UTS.
Mehlala ea tšepe ea micrograph e tlameha ho khaoloa, e bentšitsoe, 'me e kenngoe ka motsoako o fokolang oa asiti (hangata asiti ea nitric le joala) ho etsa hore lijo-thollo li bonahale.100x magnification hangata e sebelisoa ho hlahloba lithollo tsa tšepe le ho fumana boholo ba tsona.
Ho thatafala ke teko ea hore na thepa e itšoara joang ha e ama.Ak'u inahanele hore bolelele bo bokhutšoanyane ba li-tubing bo kenngoa ka har'a vise e nang le mehlahare e hlabang 'me e sisinyeha ho koala sekoti.Ntle le ho hokahanya phala, mehlahare ea vise e siea letšoao holim'a phala.
Ke kamoo teko ea boima bo sebetsang kateng, empa ha e thata hakaalo.Teko e na le boholo ba tšusumetso e laoloang le khatello e laoloang.Matla ana a holofatsa bokaholimo, a etsa li-indent kapa li-indent.Boholo kapa botebo ba sebono bo lekanya ho thatafala ha tšepe.
Ha ho hlahlojoa tšepe, liteko tsa Brinell, Vickers le Rockwell li sebelisoa hangata.E 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le sekala sa eona, 'me tse ling tsa tsona li na le mekhoa e mengata ea tlhahlobo e kang Rockwell A, B, C, joalo-joalo. Bakeng sa lipeipi tsa tšepe, tlhaloso ea ASTM A513 e bolela tlhahlobo ea Rockwell B (e khutsufalitsoeng e le HRB kapa RB).Rockwell Test B e lekanya phapang pakeng tsa matla a ho kenella a bolo ea tšepe ea bophara ba lisenthimithara tse 1⁄16 hore e be tšepe pakeng tsa phallo e bobebe le mojaro oa motheo oa 100 kgf.Sephetho se tloaelehileng bakeng sa tšepe e bonolo e tloaelehileng ke HRB 60.
Bo-rasaense ba lisebelisoa ba tseba hore boima bo na le kamano e haufi le UTS.Ka hona, boima bo fanoeng bo bolela esale pele UTS.Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, moetsi oa lipeipi oa tseba hore MYS le UTS li amana.Bakeng sa lipeipi tse cheselitsoeng, MYS hangata ke 70% ho isa ho 85% UTS.Chelete e nepahetseng e itšetlehile ka mokhoa oa ho etsa li-tube.Ho thatafala ha HRB 60 ho lumellana le UTS 60,000 pounds per square inch (PSI) le hoo e ka bang 80% MYS, e leng 48,000 PSI.
Tlhaloso e tloaelehileng ea liphaephe bakeng sa tlhahiso e akaretsang ke boima bo boholo.Ntle le boholo, baenjiniere ba boetse ba thahasella ho hlakisa liphaephe tsa "resistance welded (RW)" tse ka har'a sebaka se setle sa ts'ebetso, se ka fellang ka litšoantšo tse ka bang le boima bo boholo ba HRB 60. Qeto ena feela e fella ka mefuta e mengata ea ho qetela ea mechine, ho kenyeletsa le thatafalo ka boyona.
Taba ea pele, boima ba HRB 60 ha bo re bolelle haholo.Ho bala HRB 60 ke palo e se nang tekanyo.Lisebelisoa tse lekantsoeng ho HRB 59 li bonolo ho feta tse lekiloeng ho HRB 60, 'me HRB 61 e thata ho feta HRB 60, empa ka bokae?E ke ke ea lekanyetsoa joalo ka molumo (e lekanngoang ka li-decibel), torque (e lekantsoeng ka maoto a ponto), lebelo (le lekanngoang hole le nako), kapa UTS (e lekantsoeng ka liponto ka sekwere-inch).Ho bala HRB 60 ha ho re bolelle letho le tobileng.Ke thepa ea lintho tse bonahalang, eseng thepa ea sebele.Taba ea bobeli, boikemisetso ba ho thatafala ka bobona ha bo lokele hantle ho netefatsa ho pheta-pheta kapa ho ikatisa.Tekolo ea libaka tse peli tsa sampuli, le haeba libaka tsa tlhahlobo li le haufi, hangata li baka mathata a fapaneng haholo.Mofuta oa liteko o mpefatsa bothata bona.Ka mor'a tekanyo ea boemo bo le bong, tekanyo ea bobeli e ke ke ea nkoa ho hlahloba sephetho.Ho pheta-pheta tlhahlobo ha ho khonehe.
Sena ha se bolele hore ho lekanya boima ha ho bonolo.Haele hantle, ona ke tataiso e ntle ea lintho tsa UTS, 'me ke teko e potlakileng le e bonolo.Leha ho le joalo, mang kapa mang ea amehang tlhalosong, ho reka, le ho etsoa ha li-tubes o lokela ho tseba mefokolo ea bona e le tekanyetso ea teko.
Hobane phala e "tloaelehileng" ha e hlalosoe ka ho hlaka, baetsi ba liphaephe ka tloaelo ba e fokotsa ho ea ho mefuta e 'meli e sebelisoang haholo ea tšepe le phala joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ho ASTM A513:1008 le 1010 ha ho loketse.Esita le ka mor'a ho kenyelletsa mefuta e meng eohle ea liphaephe, menyetla ea thepa ea mechine ea mefuta ena e 'meli ea liphaephe e lula e bulehile.Ha e le hantle, mefuta ena ea liphaephe e na le mefuta e mengata ka ho fetisisa ea mekhoa ea mechine ea mefuta eohle ea liphaephe.
Ka mohlala, tube e nkoa e le bonolo haeba MYS e le tlaase 'me e telele e phahame, ho bolelang hore e sebetsa hantle ka ho otlolla, ho senyeha le ho senyeha ha ka ho sa feleng ho feta tube e hlalosoang e le e thata, e nang le MYS e batlang e phahame le e telele e batlang e le tlaase. ..Sena se tšoana le phapano lipakeng tsa terata e bonolo le terata e thata joalo ka lihangere tsa liaparo le liboro.
Elongation ka boeona ke ntlha e 'ngoe e nang le tšusumetso e kholo lits'ebetsong tsa lipeipi tsa bohlokoa.Liphaephe tse phahameng tsa bolelele li ka mamella ho otlolla;lisebelisoa tse tlase tsa elongation li brittle mme ka hona li na le monyetla oa ho hloleha ho khathala ho matla.Leha ho le joalo, bolelele ha bo amane ka kotloloho le UTS, e leng eona feela thepa ea mochini e amanang ka kotloloho le boima.
Ke hobane'ng ha liphaephe li fapana haholo ka thepa ea tsona ea mochine?Ntlha ea pele, motsoako oa lik'hemik'hale o fapane.Tšepe ke tharollo e tiileng ea tšepe le carbon, hammoho le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa bohlokoa.Bakeng sa ho nolofatsa, re tla sebetsana feela le peresente ea carbon.Liathomo tsa k'habone li nkela tse ling tsa liathomo tsa tšepe sebaka, 'me li etsa sebopeho sa kristale sa tšepe.ASTM 1008 ke mophato o felletseng o nang le khabone ho tloha ho 0% ho isa ho 0.10%.Zero ke nomoro e ikhethileng e fanang ka thepa e ikhethang ho khabone e tlase haholo ka tšepe.ASTM 1010 e hlalosa dikahare tsa khabone ho tloha ho 0.08% ho ya ho 0.13%.Phapano ena ha e bonahale e le kholo, empa e lekane ho etsa phapang e kholo libakeng tse ling.
Taba ea bobeli, lipeipi tsa tšepe li ka etsoa kapa tsa etsoa 'me tsa sebetsoa ka mekhoa e supileng e fapaneng ea tlhahiso.ASTM A513 mabapi le tlhahiso ea liphaephe tsa ERW e thathamisa mefuta e supileng:
Haeba lik'hemik'hale tsa tšepe le mekhahlelo ea ho etsa liphaephe ha li ame ho thatafala ha tšepe, joale ke eng?Karabo ea potso ena e bolela ho ithuta makolopetso ka hloko.Potso ena e lebisa lipotsong tse ling tse peli: lintlha life le hore na li haufi hakae?
Lintlha tse qaqileng mabapi le lijo-thollo tse etsang tšepe ke karabo ea pele.Ha tšepe e hlahisoa leloaleng la pele, ha e pholile ho ba boima bo boholo ka thepa e le 'ngoe.Ha tšepe e pholile, limolek'hule tsa eona li etsa lipaterone tse pheta-phetoang (likristale), tse tšoanang le kamoo maqeba a lehloa a hlahang kateng.Ka mor'a ho thehoa ha likristale, li kopantsoe ka lihlopha tse bitsoang lijo-thollo.Ha lithollo li ntse li pholile, lia hōla, li etsa letlapa lohle kapa poleiti.Ho hōla ha lijo-thollo ho emisa ha molek'hule ea ho qetela ea tšepe e monngoa ke lijo-thollo.Sena sohle se etsahala boemong ba microscopic, ka thollo ea tšepe e mahareng e ka bang 64 microns kapa 0.0025 inches ka bophara.Le hoja lijo-thollo tse ling li tšoana le tse latelang, ha li tšoane.Li fapane hanyane ho tloha ho tse ling ka boholo, sebopeho, le litaba tsa khabone.Likhokahano lipakeng tsa lijo-thollo li bitsoa meeli ea lijo-thollo.Ha tšepe e hlōleha, mohlala ka lebaka la mokhathala o phunyeha, e atisa ho hlōleha meeling ea lijo-thollo.
U tlameha ho sheba haufi hakae ho bona likaroloana tse ikhethang?Ho hōlisa ka makhetlo a 100 kapa ka makhetlo a 100 ho bona ha leihlo la motho ho lekane.Leha ho le joalo, ho sheba feela tšepe e tala ho matla a 100 ha ho etse ho hongata.lisampole li lokisoa ka ho bentša lisampole le ho penya bokaholimo ka asiti, hangata asiti ea nitric le joala, e bitsoang nitric acid etching.
Ke lithollo le lesela la tsona la ka hare tse khethollang matla a tšusumetso, MYS, UTS, le bolelele boo tšepe e ka e mamellang pele e hlōleha.
Mehato ea ho etsa tšepe e kang mocheso o chesang le o batang oa ho roala khatello ea maikutlo ho sebopeho sa lijo-thollo;haeba ba lula ba fetola sebōpeho, sena se bolela hore khatello ea kelello e holofetse lijo-thollo.Mehato e meng ea ts'ebetso e joalo ka ho tsoka tšepe hore e be likhoele, ho phutholla le ho feta ka har'a leloala la li-tube (ho etsa tšupu le boholo) ho holofatsa lithollo tsa tšepe.Setšoantšo se batang sa phala holim'a mandrel se boetse se hatisa boitsebiso, joalo ka mehato ea ho etsa lintho tse kang ho etsa qetello le ho koba.Liphetoho tsa sebopeho sa lijo-thollo li bitsoa dislocations.
Mehato e ka holimo e felisa ho ductility ea tšepe, bokhoni ba eona ba ho mamella khatello ea maikutlo (ho taboha).Tšepe e fetoha brittle, e bolelang hore ho ka etsahala hore e robehe haeba u tsoela pele ho sebetsa ka tšepe.Elongation ke karolo e 'ngoe ea polasetiki (compressibility ke e' ngoe).Ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa mona hore ho hloleha hangata ho etsahala ka tsitsipano, eseng ka khatello.Tšepe e hanana haholo le khatello ea maikutlo ka lebaka la bolelele ba eona bo phahameng.Leha ho le joalo, tšepe e holofala habonolo tlas’a khatello e hatellang—e bonolo—e leng molemo.
Bapisa sena le konkreite, e nang le matla a holimo haholo a khatello empa ductility e tlase.Lintho tsena li fapane le tšepe.Ke ka lebaka leo konkreite e sebelisoang bakeng sa litsela, mehaho le litselana hangata e matlafatsoa.Sephetho ke sehlahisoa se nang le matla a lisebelisoa tse peli: tšepe e matla ka tsitsipano 'me konkreite e matla ka ho hatella.
Nakong ea ho thatafala, ductility ea tšepe e fokotseha, 'me boima ba eona bo eketseha.Ka mantsoe a mang, e thatafala.Ho itšetlehile ka boemo, sena se ka ba molemo, empa se ka boela sa e-ba kotsi, kaha boima bo lekana le brittleness.Ke hore, ha tšepe e ntse e le thata, ha e fokotsehe haholo 'me ka hona ho ka etsahala hore e hlōlehe.
Ka mantsoe a mang, mohato o mong le o mong oa ts'ebetso o hloka hore ho be le ductility ea pipe.Ha karolo e ntse e sebetsanoa, e ba boima haholo, 'me haeba e le boima haholo, joale ka molao-motheo ha e na thuso.Ho thatafala ke brittleness, 'me brittle tubes e atisa ho hlōleha nakong ea tšebeliso.
Na moetsi o na le likhetho tabeng ee?Ka bokhutšoanyane, e.Khetho ena ke ea boselamose, 'me leha e se mohlolo, e batla e le ea boselamose kamoo e ka bang ka teng.
Ka mantsoe a bonolo, annealing e tlosa litlamorao tsohle tsa tšusumetso ea 'mele holim'a litšepe.Ts'ebetsong, tšepe e futhumetse ho fokotsa khatello ea kelello kapa mocheso oa recrystallization, e leng se etsang hore ho tlosoe li-dislocation.Ka hona, mokhoa ona ka mokhoa o sa fellang kapa ka ho feletseng o tsosolosa ductility, ho itšetlehile ka mocheso o khethehileng le nako e sebelisoang ts'ebetsong ea annealing.
Ho pholisa le ho laola ho pholile ho khothalletsa kholo ea lijo-thollo.Sena se molemo haeba sepheo e le ho fokotsa brittleness ea thepa, empa khōlo ea lijo-thollo e sa laoleheng e ka nolofatsa tšepe haholo, e etsa hore e se ke ea sebelisoa bakeng sa tšebeliso e reriloeng.Ho emisa ts'ebetso ea annealing ke ntho e 'ngoe e batlang e le ea boselamose.Ho tima ka mocheso o nepahetseng ka moemeli oa ho thatafatsa ka nako e nepahetseng kapele ho emisa ts'ebetso le ho tsosolosa thepa ea tšepe.
Na re lokela ho lahla lintlha tse thata?che.Thepa ea ho thatafala ke ea bohlokoa, pele ho tsohle, e le tataiso ea ho khetholla litšobotsi tsa liphaephe tsa tšepe.Ho thatafala ke tekanyo e sebetsang le e 'ngoe ea thepa e' maloa e lokelang ho hlalosoa ha ho etsoa thepa ea tubular le ho hlahlojoa ha u fumana (e ngotsoe bakeng sa thomello ka 'ngoe).Ha teko ea boima ba 'mele e sebelisoa e le tekanyetso ea teko, e tlameha ho ba le litekanyetso tse nepahetseng tsa litekanyetso le meeli ea taolo.
Leha ho le joalo, sena ha se teko ea 'nete ea ho fetisa (ho amohela kapa ho hana) thepa.Ntle le ho thatafala, bahlahisi ba lokela ho hlahloba thomello nako le nako ho fumana thepa e meng e amehang joalo ka MYS, UTS, kapa bolelele bo fokolang, ho latela ts'ebeliso ea phala.
Wynn H. Kearns is responsible for regional sales for Indiana Tube Corp., 2100 Lexington Road, Evansville, IN 47720, 812-424-9028, wkearns@indianatube.com, www.indianatube.com.
Tube & Pipe Journal e phatlalalitsoe ka 1990 e le makasine ea pele e nehetsoeng indastering ea lipeipi tsa tšepe.Kajeno, e ntse e le eona feela khatiso ea indasteri Amerika Leboea 'me e fetohile mohloli o tšepahalang ka ho fetisisa oa tlhahisoleseding bakeng sa litsebi tsa li-tubing.
Phihlello e felletseng ea dijithale ho The FABRICATOR e se e fumaneha, e fana ka phihlello e bonolo ea lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa tsa indasteri.
Ho fihlella ka botlalo ka dijithale ho The Tube & Pipe Journal e se e fumaneha, e fana ka phihlello e bonolo ea lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa tsa indasteri.
Natefeloa ke phihlello e felletseng ea dijithale ho STAMPING Journal, koranta ea 'maraka e hatisang ka tšepe e nang le tsoelo-pele ea morao-rao ea theknoloji, mekhoa e metle le litaba tsa indasteri.
Ho fihlella ka botlalo khatisong ea dijithale ea The Fabricator en Español e se e fumaneha, e fana ka phihlello e bonolo ea lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa tsa indasteri.
Karolong ea bobeli ea lenaneo la rona la likarolo tse peli le Adam Heffner, mong'a lebenkele la Nashville le mothehi…