Karolo ea lik'hemik'hale tse 304 tsa tšepe e sa hloekang e kopantsoeng, tlhahlobo ea Thermodynamic ea li-graphene nanosheets tse sebetsang hantle le tse sa sebetseng ka har'a li-tubes tse chitja tse nang le li-turbulator.

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304 10 * 1mm Ts'epe e sa hloekang e kopantsoeng ka tubing Chaena

Boholo: 3/4 inch, 1/2 inch, 1 inch, 3 inch, 2 inch

Bolelele ba Pipe ea Unit: 6 metres

Kereiti ea tšepe: 201, 304 LE 316

Kereiti: 201, 202, 304, 316, 304L, 316 L,

Lintho tse bonahalang: Stainless STEEL

Boemo: E ncha

Li-nanofluid tsa Covalent le tse se nang covalent li ile tsa lekoa ka har'a li-tubes tse chitja tse nang le li-tape tse sothehileng tse nang le li-angles tsa helix tsa 45 ° le 90 °.Nomoro ea Reynolds e ne e le 7000 ≤ Re ≤ 17000, thepa ea thermophysical e ile ea hlahlojoa ho 308 K. Mohlala oa 'mele o rarolloa ka lipalo ho sebelisa mohlala oa li-viscosity tse peli tsa parameter (SST k-omega turbulence).Likarolo (0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.%, le 0.1 wt.%) tsa nanofluids ZNP-SDBS@DV le ZNP-COOH@DV li ile tsa nkoa mosebetsing.Mabota a li-tubes tse sothehileng a futhumetse ka mocheso o sa khaotseng oa 330 K. Ho ne ho nahanoa ka mekhahlelo e tšeletseng thutong ea hona joale: mocheso oa mocheso, mocheso oa mocheso oa mocheso, palo e tloaelehileng ea Nusselt, coefficient of friction, khatello ea khatello, le litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea ts'ebetso.Maemong ana ka bobeli (helix angle ea 45 ° le 90 °), ZNP-SDBS@DV nanofluid e bontšitse litšobotsi tse phahameng tsa thermal-hydraulic ho feta ZNP-COOH @ DV, 'me e eketsehile ka karoloana e ntseng e eketseha ea boima, mohlala, 0.025 wt., le 0.05 wt.ke 1.19.% le 1.26 - 0.1 wt.%.Maemong ana ka bobeli (helix angle 45 ° le 90 °), boleng ba litšobotsi tsa thermodynamic ha u sebelisa GNP-COOH@DW ke 1.02 bakeng sa 0.025% wt., 1.05 bakeng sa 0.05% wt.le 1.02 bakeng sa 0.1% wt.
Mocheso oa mocheso ke sesebelisoa sa thermodynamic sa 1 se sebelisetsoang ho fetisa mocheso nakong ea ho pholile le ho futhumatsa.Thermal-hydraulic properties ea mocheso oa mocheso o ntlafatsa coefficient ea mocheso oa mocheso le ho fokotsa ho hanyetsa ha mokelikeli o sebetsang.Ho entsoe mekhoa e mengata ea ho ntlafatsa ho fetisa mocheso, ho kenyelletsa le li-turbulence enhancers2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 le nanofluids12,13,14,15.Ho kenngoa ha tepi e sothehileng ke e 'ngoe ea mekhoa e atlehileng ka ho fetisisa ea ho ntlafatsa ho fetisoa ha mocheso ka mocheso oa mocheso ka lebaka la boiketlo ba eona ba tlhokomelo le theko e tlaase7,16.
Letotong la lithuto tsa liteko le tsa computational, thepa ea hydrothermal ea metsoako ea li-nanofluids le li-heaters tsa mocheso tse nang le lisebelisoa tse sothehileng tsa theipi li ile tsa ithutoa.Mosebetsing oa liteko, thepa ea hydrothermal ea li-nanofluid tse tharo tse fapaneng tsa tšepe (Ag@DW, Fe@DW le Cu@DW) li ile tsa ithutoa ka theipi e sothehileng ea nale (STT) mocheso oa mocheso17.Ha ho bapisoa le pipe ea motheo, mocheso oa mocheso oa STT o ntlafatsoa ka 11% le 67%.Sebopeho sa SST se molemo ka ho fetisisa ho tloha ponong ea moruo mabapi le katleho le parameter α = β = 0.33.Ho phaella moo, keketseho ea 18.2% ea n e ile ea hlokomeloa ka Ag @ DW, le hoja keketseho e kholo ea tahlehelo ea khatello e ne e le 8.5 feela%.Mekhoa ea 'mele ea ho fetisa mocheso le tahlehelo ea khatello liphaepheng tse tebileng tse nang le li-turbulator tse kopantsoeng li ile tsa ithutoa ho sebelisoa meferefere ea Al2O3 @ DW nanofluid ka convection e qobelloang.Palo e tloaelehileng ea palo ea Nusselt (Nuavg) le tahlehelo ea khatello e bonoa ho Re = 20,000 ha coil pitch = 25 mm le Al2O3@DW nanofluid 1.6 vol.%.Lithuto tsa laboratori li boetse li entsoe ho ithuta phetisetso ea mocheso le litšobotsi tsa tahlehelo ea khatello ea graphene oxide nanofluids (GO@DW) e phallang ka har'a li-tubes tse batlang li le selikalikoe tse kentsoeng ka WC.Liphetho li bonts'itse hore 0.12 vol%-GO@DW e ekelitse coefficient ea phetisetso ea mocheso ea convective ka hoo e ka bang 77%.Phuputsong e 'ngoe ea liteko, li-nanofluids (TiO2@DW) li ile tsa ntlafatsoa ho ithuta litšobotsi tsa mocheso oa metsi oa li-tubes tse nang le dimpled tse kenngoeng ka litheipi tse sothehileng20.Matla a phahameng a hydrothermal a 1.258 a fihletsoe ho sebelisoa 0.15 vol% -TiO2 @ DW e kentsoeng ka li-shafts tse sekametseng tsa 45 ° tse nang le twist factor ea 3.0.Mehlala ea ketsiso ea karolo e le 'ngoe le ea mekhahlelo e' meli (hybrid) e nahanela phallo le ho fetisa mocheso oa CuO@DW nanofluids ka mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea solids concentrations (1-4% vol.%)21.Tšebeliso e phahameng ea mocheso oa tube e kentsoeng ka tepi e le 'ngoe e sothehileng ke 2.18,' me tube e kenngoa ka liteipi tse peli tse sothehileng tlas'a maemo a tšoanang ke 2.04 (mohlala oa mekhahlelo e 'meli, Re = 36,000 le 4 vol.%).Phallo ea nanofluid e seng ea Newtonian e nang le moferefere ea nanofluid ea carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) le copper oxide (CuO) liphaepheng tse kholo le liphaephe tse nang le lisebelisoa tse sothehileng li ithutile.Nuavg e bonts'a ntlafatso ea 16.1% (bakeng sa phaephe e kholo) le 60% (bakeng sa phaephe e kopantsoeng ka karolelano ea (H/D = 5)).Ka kakaretso, karo-karolelano e tlase ea twist-to-ribone e fella ka khohlano e phahameng ea khohlano.Phuputsong ea liteko, phello ea liphaephe tse nang le tepi e sothehileng (TT) le li-coils (VC) holim'a thepa ea ho fetisa mocheso le coefficient ea khohlano e ile ea ithutoa ho sebelisoa CuO@DW nanofluids.Ho sebelisa 0.3 vol.% -CuO @ DW ho Re = 20,000 e etsa hore ho khonehe ho eketsa ho fetisoa ha mocheso ka pipe ea VK-2 ho ea ho boleng bo phahameng ba 44,45%.Ho phaella moo, ha u sebelisa mohala o sothehileng le ho kenya coil tlas'a maemo a tšoanang a moeli, coefficient of friction e eketseha ka lintlha tsa 1.17 le 1.19 ha li bapisoa le DW.Ka kakaretso, ho sebetsa hantle ha mocheso oa li-nanofluid tse kenngoa ka li-coil li molemo ho feta tsa li-nanofluid tse kentsoeng ka har'a lithapo tse kholehileng.Sebopeho sa volumetric ea moferefere (MWCNT@DW) phallo ea nanofluid e ile ea ithutoa ka har'a tube e tšekaletseng e kenngoeng ka har'a terata e pota-potileng.Mekhahlelo ea ts'ebetso ea mocheso e ne e le> 1 bakeng sa linyeoe tsohle, e bontšang hore ho kopana ha li-nanofluidics ka ho kenya li-coil ho ntlafatsa ho fetisa mocheso ntle le ho ja matla a pompo.Abstract-Litšobotsi tsa hydrothermal tsa mocheso oa liphaephe tse peli tse nang le lisebelisoa tse sa tšoaneng tse entsoeng ka tepi e fetotsoeng e sothehileng ea V-shaped (VcTT) e ithutoe tlas'a maemo a phallo ea moferefere ea Al2O3 + TiO2 @ DW nanofluid.Ha ho bapisoa le DW ho li-tubes tsa base, Nuavg e na le ntlafatso e kholo ea 132% le coefficient ea likhohlano e fihlang ho 55%.Ho phaella moo, ho ile ha buisanoa ka matla a matla a Al2O3 + TiO2 @ DW nanocomposite ka mocheso oa liphaephe tse peli.Phuputsong ea bona, ba fumane hore tšebeliso ea Al2O3 + TiO2 @ DW le TT e ntlafalitse ts'ebetso ea matla ha e bapisoa le DW.Ka li-excentric tubular heat exchangers tse nang le li-turbulator tsa VcTT, Singh le Sarkar27 ba sebelisitse lisebelisoa tsa phetoho ea mekhahlelo (PCM), ba qhalakantsoeng nanofluids e le 'ngoe / nanocomposite (Al2O3@DW e nang le PCM le Al2O3 + PCM).Ba tlaleha hore ho fetisoa ha mocheso le tahlehelo ea khatello ho eketseha ha coefficient ea twist e fokotseha 'me mahloriso a nanoparticle a eketseha.Ntho e kholoanyane ea V-notch ea botebo kapa bophara bo fokolang bo ka fana ka phetiso e kholo ea mocheso le tahlehelo ea khatello.Ho phaella moo, graphene-platinum (Gr-Pt) e 'nile ea sebelisoa ho batlisisa mocheso, khohlano, le tekanyo ea kakaretso ea tlhahiso ea entropy ka li-tubes tse nang le 2-TT28 e kenngoa.Boithuto ba bona bo bonts'itse hore karolo e nyane ea (Gr-Pt) e fokolitse haholo moloko oa mocheso oa entropy ha o bapisoa le nts'etsopele ea entropy e batlang e phahame.Mixed Al2O3 @ MgO nanofluids le conical WC e ka nkoa e le motsoako o motle, kaha tekanyo e eketsehileng (h / Δp) e ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea hydrothermal ea mocheso oa mocheso oa li-tube tse peli 29.Moetso oa linomoro o sebelisoa ho lekola ts'ebetso ea ho boloka matla le tikoloho ea li-exchangers tsa mocheso ka mefuta e fapaneng ea likarolo tse tharo tsa hybrid nanofluids (THNF) (Al2O3 + graphene + MWCNT) e emisitsoeng ho DW30.Ka lebaka la Mekhahlelo ea Ts'ebetso ea Ts'ebetso (PEC) ka har'a 1.42-2.35, ho hlokahala motsoako oa Depressed Twisted Turbulizer Insert (DTTI) le (Al2O3 + Graphene + MWCNT).
Ho fihlela joale, ho se ho lebisitsoe tlhokomelo e nyenyane karolong ea covalent le non-covalent functionalization ka phallo ea hydrodynamic ka maro a mocheso.Sepheo se tobileng sa thuto ena e ne e le ho bapisa litšobotsi tsa thermal-hydraulic tsa nanofluids (ZNP-SDBS@DV) le (ZNP-COOH@DV) ka ho kenya li-tape tse sothehileng ka li-angles tsa helix tsa 45 ° le 90 °.Lintho tsa thermophysical li ne li lekantsoe ho Tin = 308 K. Tabeng ena, likaroloana tse tharo tsa boima li ile tsa nkoa ka mokhoa oa ho bapisa, tse kang (0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% le 0.1 wt.%).Ho fetisoa ha khatello ea ho kuta ka mokhoa oa 3D turbulent flow model (SST k-ω) e sebelisetsoa ho rarolla litšobotsi tsa thermal-hydraulic.Ka hona, thuto ena e fana ka tlatsetso e kholo thutong ea thepa e ntle (ho fetisa mocheso) le thepa e mpe (khatello e theoha ka ho ferekana), e bontšang litšobotsi tsa mocheso-hydraulic le ho ntlafatsa maro a sebele a sebetsang lits'ebetsong tse joalo tsa boenjiniere.
Sebopeho sa motheo ke phala e boreleli (L = 900 mm le Dh = 20 mm).Litekanyo tsa theipi tse sothehileng tse kentsoeng (bolelele = 20 mm, botenya = 0.5 mm, profil = 30 mm).Tabeng ena, bolelele, bophara, le stroke ea profil ea spiral e ne e le 20 mm, 0.5 mm, le 30 mm, ka ho latellana.Litheipi tse sothehileng li sekametse ho 45 ° le 90 °.Mekelikeli e fapaneng e sebetsang e kang DW, non-covalent nanofluids (GNF-SDBS@DW) le covalent nanofluids (GNF-COOH@DW) ho Tin = 308 K, likarolo tse tharo tse fapaneng tsa boima le linomoro tse fapaneng tsa Reynolds.Liteko li ne li etsoa ka har'a mochine oa mocheso.Lerako le ka ntle la tube ea spiral le ne le futhumatsoa ka mocheso o sa khaotseng oa holim'a 330 K ho leka mekhoa ea ho ntlafatsa mocheso oa mocheso.
Ka feiga.1 e bonts'a tšupa e sothehileng ea ho kenya tepi e nang le maemo a sebetsang a moeli le sebaka sa meshed.Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, maemo a moeli oa lebelo le khatello a sebetsa ho likarolo tse kenang le tse tsoang ho helix.Ka mocheso o sa khaotseng oa holim'a metsi, boemo bo sa thekeseleng bo behoa leboteng la pipe.Papiso ea hona joale ea linomoro e sebelisa tharollo e thehiloeng khatellong.Ka nako e ts'oanang, lenaneo (ANSYS FLUENT 2020R1) le sebelisoa ho fetolela mokhoa oa ho fapana ha karolo (PDE) ho tsamaiso ea algebraic equations ho sebelisa mokhoa o fokolang oa molumo (FMM).Mokhoa oa bobeli oa mofuta oa SIMPLE (mokhoa o sa bonahaleng oa li-equations tse itšetlehileng ka khatello ea sequential) o amana le velocity-pressure.Ho lokela ho totobatsoa hore ho kopana ha masala a boima, lebelo le matla a equation ho ka tlase ho 103 le 106 ka ho latellana.
p Setšoantšo sa libaka tsa 'mele le tsa computational: (a) helix angle 90 °, (b) helix angle 45 °, (c) ha e na lehare la helical.
Ho sebelisoa mohlala oa homogeneous ho hlalosa thepa ea nanofluids.Ka ho kenyelletsa li-nanomaterials ka har'a mokelikeli oa motheo (DW), mokelikeli o tsoelang pele o nang le thepa e ntle ea mocheso o thehoa.Tabeng ena, mocheso le lebelo la mokelikeli oa motheo le nanomaterial li na le boleng bo tšoanang.Ka lebaka la likhopolo le likhakanyo tse ka holimo, phallo e sebetsang ea karolo e le 'ngoe e sebetsa phuputsong ena.Liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontšitse katleho le ts'ebeliso ea mekhoa ea mohato o le mong bakeng sa phallo ea nanofluidic31,32.
Phallo ea li-nanofluids e tlameha ho ba moferefere oa Newtonian, e sa hatelleheng le ho ema.Mosebetsi oa ho hatella le ho futhumatsa viscous ha li na thuso thutong ena.Ho phaella moo, botenya ba marako a ka hare le a ka ntle a pipe ha a hlokomeloe.Ka hona, boima, lebelo le ho boloka matla a equations tse hlalosang mohlala oa mocheso li ka hlalosoa ka tsela e latelang:
moo \(\ overrightarrow{V}\) e leng vector velocity e bolelang, Keff = K + Kt ke conductivity e sebetsang ea mocheso oa covalent le noncovalent nanofluids, 'me ε ke tekanyo ea ho senya matla.Lintho tse sebetsang hantle tsa thermophysical tsa nanofluids, tse kenyelletsang density (ρ), viscosity (μ), matla a khethehileng a mocheso (Cp) le conductivity ea mocheso (k), tse bontšitsoeng tafoleng, li ile tsa lekanngoa nakong ea thuto ea liteko mocheso oa 308 K1 ha o sebelisoa. li-simulators tsena.
Lipapiso tsa lipalo tsa phallo ea moferefere ea nanofluid ka li-tubes tse tloaelehileng le tsa TT li ile tsa etsoa ho linomoro tsa Reynolds 7000 ≤ Re ≤ 17000. Lipapiso tsena le li-coefficients tsa convective tsa ho fetisa mocheso li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa Mentor's κ-ω turbulence model ea shear average stress transfer (Sturynold) ea mohlala Navier-Stokes, e sebelisoang hangata lipatlisisong tsa aerodynamic.Ho phaella moo, mohlala o sebetsa ntle le mosebetsi oa marako 'me o nepahetse haufi le marako a 35,36.(SST) κ-ω equations e laolang ea mohlala oa turbulence ke tse latelang:
moo \(S\) e leng boleng ba sekhahla sa khatello, 'me \(y\) ke sebaka sa sebaka se haufi.Ho sa le joalo, \({\alpha}_{1}\), \({\alpha}_{2}\), \({\beta}_{1}\), \({\beta}_{ 2 }\), \({\beta}^{*}\), \({\sigma}_{{k}_{1}}\), \({\sigma}_{{k}_{ 2) }}\), \({\sigma}_{{\omega}_{1}}\) le \({\sigma}_{{\omega}_{2}}\) li bolela mefuta eohle e sa fetoheng.F1 le F2 ke mesebetsi e tsoakaneng.Tlhokomeliso: F1 = 1 moeling oa moeli, 0 phallong e tlang.
Litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea ts'ebetso li sebelisoa ho ithuta phetisetso ea mocheso oa convective, covalent le non-covalent nanofluid flow, mohlala31:
Moelelong ona, (\(\rho\)), (\(v\)), (\({D}_{h}\))) le (\(\mu\)) li sebelisoa bakeng sa density, velocity ea mokelikeli. , bophara ba hydraulic le viscosity e matla.(\({C}_{p}\, \mathrm{u}\, k\)) - matla a khethehileng a mocheso le conductivity ea mocheso oa mokelikeli o phallang.Hape, (\(\ dot{m}\)) e bolela phallo ea bongata, 'me (\({T}_{out}-{T}_{in}\)) e bolela phapang ea mocheso oa ho kena le ho tsoa.(NFs) e bua ka covalent, non-covalent nanofluids, le (DW) e bua ka metsi a hloekisitsoeng (base fluid).\({A}_{s} = \pi DL\), \({\ overline{T}_{f}=\frac{\left({T}_{out}-{T}_{in }\right)}{2}\) le \({\ overline{T}_{w}=\sum \frac{{T}_{w}}{n}\).
Thermophysical properties of the base fluid (DW), non-covalent nanofluid (GNF-SDBS@DW), le covalent nanofluid (GNF-COOH @ DW) li nkiloe libukeng tse hatisitsoeng (lithuto tsa liteko), Sn = 308 K, joalo e bontšitsoeng ho Lethathamo la 134. Ka tloaelo Tekong ea ho fumana "non-covalent" (GNP-SDBS@DW) nanofluid e nang le liphesente tse tsebahalang tsa boima, ligrama tse itseng tsa GNP tsa mantlha li ile tsa lekanngoa qalong ka tekanyo ea digital.Karolelano ea boima ba SDBS/GNP ea matsoalloa ke (0.5:1) e lekantsoeng ho DW.Tabeng ena, li-nanofluids tsa covalent (COOH-GNP@DW) li ile tsa etsoa ka ho kenyelletsa lihlopha tsa carboxyl holim'a GNP ho sebelisoa motsoako o matla oa asiti o nang le tekanyo ea molumo (1: 3) ea HNO3 le H2SO4.Covalent le non-covalent nanofluids e ile ea emisoa ho DW ka liperesente tse tharo tse fapaneng tsa boima bo kang 0.025 wt%, 0.05 wt%.le 0.1% ea bongata.
Liteko tsa boikemelo ba Mesh li entsoe libakeng tse 'ne tse fapaneng tsa komporo ho netefatsa hore boholo ba mesh ha bo ame papiso.Tabeng ea 45 ° torsion pipe, palo ea lihlopha tse nang le boholo ba 1.75 mm ke 249,033, palo ea lihlopha tse nang le boholo ba 2 mm ke 307,969, palo ea lihlopha tse nang le boholo ba 2.25 mm ke 421,406, 'me palo ea lihlopha. ka boholo ba yuniti 2 .5 mm 564 940 ka ho latellana.Ho phaella moo, mohlala oa phala e sothehileng ea 90 °, palo ea likarolo tse nang le boholo ba 1.75 mm ke 245,531, palo ea likarolo tse nang le boholo ba 2 mm ke 311,584, palo ea likarolo tse nang le boholo ba 2.25 mm ke 422,708, 'me palo ea likarolo tse nang le boholo ba element ea 2.5 mm ke 573,826.Ho nepahala ha lipalo tsa thepa ea mocheso joalo ka (Tout, htc, le Nuavg) ho eketseha ha palo ea likarolo e fokotseha.Ka nako e ts'oanang, ho nepahala ha litekanyetso tsa coefficient ea khohlano le ho theoha ha khatello ho bontšitse boitšoaro bo fapaneng ka ho feletseng (setšoantšo sa 2).Grid (2) e ne e sebelisoa e le sebaka se seholo sa marang-rang ho hlahloba litšobotsi tsa mocheso-hydraulic tabeng e etsisitsoeng.
Ho etsa liteko tsa ho fetisa mocheso le ho theoha ha khatello ntle le letlooeng ho sebelisa li-tubes tsa DW tse sothehileng ho 45° le 90°.
Liphetho tsa hona joale tsa linomoro li netefalitsoe bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea phetisetso ea mocheso le khokahanyo ea khohlano ho sebelisoa likhokahano tse tsebahalang tsa equations joalo ka Dittus-Belter, Petukhov, Gnelinsky, Notter-Rouse le Blasius.Papiso e ile ea etsoa tlas'a boemo ba 7000≤Re≤17000.Ho latela feiga.3, liphoso tsa karolelano le boholo pakeng tsa liphetho ketsiso le mocheso phetiso equation ke 4.050 le 5.490% (Dittus-Belter), 9.736 le 11.33% (Petukhov), 4.007 le 7.483% (Gnelinsky), le 3.883% le 4.93% (4. Nott-Belter).Rose).Tabeng ena, liphoso tsa karolelano le boholo pakeng tsa liphetho tsa ketsiso le khohlano coefficient equation ke 7.346% le 8.039% (Blasius) le 8.117% le 9.002% (Petukhov), ka ho latellana.
Phetiso ea mocheso le thepa ea hydrodynamic ea DW linomorong tse fapaneng tsa Reynolds ho sebelisa lipalo tsa lipalo le likhokahano tsa matla.
Karolo ena e bua ka thepa ea mocheso ea non-covalent (LNP-SDBS) le covalent (LNP-COOH) aqueous nanofluids likarolong tse tharo tse fapaneng tsa boima le linomoro tsa Reynolds e le karolelano e amanang le mokelikeli oa motheo (DW).Li-geometri tse peli tsa li-coiled lebanta tse futhumatsang mocheso (helix angle 45 ° le 90 °) li tšohloa bakeng sa 7000 ≤ Re ≤ 17000. Ka feiga.4 e bonts'a kakaretso ea mocheso ha nanofluid e tsoa ho mokelikeli oa motheo (DW) (\(\frac{{{T}_{out}}_{NFs}}{{T}_{out}_{ DW } } \) ) ho (0.025% wt., 0.05% wt. le 0.1% wt.).(\(\frac{{{T}_{out}}_{NFs}}{{{T}_{out}_{DW}}\)) e lula e le ka tlase ho 1, ho bolelang hore mocheso o tsoang ke non-covalent (VNP-SDBS) le covalent (VNP-COOH) nanofluids ba ka tlaase ho mocheso ka outlet ea mokelikeli botlaaseng.Phokotso e tlase le e phahameng ka ho fetisisa e bile 0.1 wt%-COOH@GNPs le 0.1 wt%-SDBS@GNPs, ka ho latellana.Ketsahalo ena e bakoa ke ho eketseha ha palo ea Reynolds ka karoloana e sa khaotseng ea boima, e lebisang phetohong ea thepa ea nanofluid (ke hore, sekhahla le viscosity e matla).
Lipalo 5 le 6 li bonts'a litšoaneleho tse tloaelehileng tsa phetisetso ea mocheso ea nanofluid ho mokelikeli oa motheo (DW) ho (0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% le 0.1 wt.%).Thepa e tloaelehileng ea ho fetisa mocheso e lula e le kholo ho feta 1, e bolelang hore thepa ea ho fetisa mocheso ea non-covalent (LNP-SDBS) le covalent (LNP-COOH) nanofluids e ntlafatsoa ha e bapisoa le mokelikeli oa motheo.0.1 wt%-COOH@GNPs le 0.1 wt%-SDBS@GNPs ba fumane phaello e tlase le e phahameng ka ho fetisisa, ka ho latellana.Ha palo ea Reynolds e eketseha ka lebaka la motsoako o moholo oa mokelikeli le moferefere phapeng ea 1, ts'ebetso ea ho fetisa mocheso e ntlafala.Mekelikeli ka likheo tse nyenyane e fihla ka lebelo le phahameng, e leng se bakang lebelo le lesesaane la moeli oa mocheso / mocheso, e leng se eketsang lebelo la ho fetisetsa mocheso.Ho eketsa nanoparticles ho mokelikeli oa motheo ho ka ba le liphello tse ntle le tse mpe.Liphello tse ntle li kenyelletsa ho thulana ha nanoparticle ho eketseha, litlhoko tse ntle tsa mokelikeli oa mocheso, le phetisetso e matla ea mocheso.
Mocheso oa phetiso ea nanofluid ho mokelikeli oa motheo ho itšetlehile ka nomoro ea Reynolds bakeng sa li-tubes tse 45 ° le 90 °.
Ka nako e ts'oanang, phello e mpe ke ho eketseha ha viscosity e matla ea nanofluid, e fokotsang ho tsamaea ha nanofluid, kahoo ho fokotsa palo e tloaelehileng ea Nusselt (Nuavg).Ho eketseha ha mocheso oa mocheso oa nanofluids (ZNP-SDBS@DW) le (ZNP-COOH@DW) e lokela ho ba ka lebaka la motsamao oa Brownian le microconvection ea graphene nanoparticles e emisitsoeng ho DW37.Thermal conductivity ea nanofluid (ZNP-COOH@DV) e phahame ho feta ea nanofluid (ZNP-SDBS@DV) le metsi a hloekisitsoeng.Ho eketsa li-nanomaterials ho mokelikeli oa motheo ho eketsa conductivity ea bona ea mocheso (Letlapa la 1)38.
Setšoantšo sa 7 se bontša karolelano ea coefficient ea khohlano ea nanofluids le base fluid (DW) (f(NFs)/f(DW)) ka liphesente tse boima (0.025%, 0.05% le 0.1%).Kakaretso ea khokahanyo ea coefficient e lula e le ≈1, ho bolelang hore non-covalent (GNF-SDBS@DW) le covalent (GNF-COOH@DW) nanofluids li na le coefficient e ts'oanang ea khohlano le mokelikeli oa motheo.Mocheso o nang le sebaka se fokolang o baka tšitiso e eketsehileng ea phallo le ho eketsa khohlano ea phallo1.Ha e le hantle, coefficient ea khohlano e eketseha hanyane ka karolo e ntseng e eketseha ea boima ba nanofluid.Tahlehelo e phahameng ea likhohlano e bakoa ke ho eketseha ha viscosity e matla ea nanofluid le khatello e ntseng e eketseha ea ho kuta holim'a metsi ka liphesente tse phahameng tsa nanographene mokelikeli oa motheo.Letlapa (1) le bontša hore viscosity e matla ea nanofluid (ZNP-SDBS@DV) e phahame ho feta ea nanofluid (ZNP-COOH@DV) ka tekanyo ea boima ba 'mele, e amanang le ho eketsoa ha liphello tsa holim'a metsi.dintho tse sebetsang ho nanofluid e senang covalent.
Ka feiga.8 e bontša nanofluid bapisoa le base fluid (DW) (\(\frac{{\ Delta P}_{NFs}}{{\ Delta P}_{DW}}\)) ho (0.025%, 0.05% le 0.1% ).The non-covalent (GNPs-SDBS @ DW) nanofluid e bontšitse tahlehelo e phahameng ea karolelano ea khatello, 'me ka keketseho ea palo ea boima ho 2.04% bakeng sa 0.025% wt., 2.46% bakeng sa 0.05% wt.le 3.44% bakeng sa 0.1% wt.ka ho holisa linyeoe (helix angle 45 ° le 90 °).Ho sa le joalo, nanofluid (GNPs-COOH @ DW) e bontšitse tahlehelo e tlase ea khatello ea khatello, e eketseha ho tloha 1.31% ho 0.025% wt.ho fihlela ho 1.65% ho 0.05% wt.Karolelano ea tahlehelo ea khatello ea 0.05 wt.%-COOH@NP le 0.1 wt.%-COOH@NP ke 1.65%.Joalokaha ho ka bonoa, ho theoha ha khatello ho eketseha ka palo e ntseng e eketseha ea Re maemong ohle.Ho theoha ha khatello e ntseng e eketseha ho boleng bo phahameng ba Re ho bontšoa ke ho its'etleha ka kotloloho ho phallo ea molumo.Ka hona, palo e phahameng ea Re ka har'a tube e lebisa ho theoha ho matla ha khatello, e hlokang ho eketseha ha matla a pompo39,40.Ho phaella moo, tahlehelo ea khatello e phahame ka lebaka la matla a phahameng a li-eddies le moferefere o hlahisoang ke sebaka se seholoanyane, se eketsang ho sebelisana ha khatello le matla a inertia moeling oa moeli1.
Ka kakaretso, litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea ts'ebetso (PEC) bakeng sa non-covalent (VNP-SDBS@DW) le covalent (VNP-COOH @ DW) nanofluids li bontšoa ho Feiga.9. Nanofluid (ZNP-SDBS@DV) e bontšitse litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa PEC ho feta (ZNP-COOH@DV) maemong a mabeli (helix angle 45 ° le 90 °) 'me e ile ea ntlafatsoa ka ho eketsa karoloana ea boima, mohlala, 0.025 wt.%.ke 1.17, 0.05 wt.% ke 1.19 le 0.1 wt.% ke 1.26.Ho sa le joalo, litekanyetso tsa PEC tse sebelisang nanofluids (GNPs-COOH@DW) e ne e le 1.02 bakeng sa 0.025 wt%, 1.05 bakeng sa 0.05 wt%, 1.05 bakeng sa 0.1 wt%.maemong a mabeli (helix angle 45 ° le 90 °).1.02.E le molao, ka keketseho ea palo ea Reynolds, katleho ea mocheso-hydraulic e fokotseha haholo.Ha palo ea Reynolds e ntse e eketseha, ho fokotseha ha mocheso oa mocheso oa motlakase-hydraulic ho amana ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng le ho eketseha ha (NuNFs / NuDW) le ho fokotseha ha (fNFs / fDW).
Thepa ea Hydrothermal ea nanofluids mabapi le maro a motheo ho latela linomoro tsa Reynolds bakeng sa li-tubes tse nang le li-angles tse 45 ° le 90 °.
Karolo ena e bua ka thepa ea mocheso ea metsi (DW), non-covalent (VNP-SDBS@DW), le covalent (VNP-COOH@DW) nanofluids ka mekhahlelo e meraro e fapaneng ea boima le linomoro tsa Reynolds.Li-geometries tse peli tse kopantsoeng tsa mocheso oa lebanta li ne li nkoa ka mefuta ea 7000 ≤ Re ≤ 17000 mabapi le liphaephe tse tloaelehileng (li-angles tsa helix 45 ° le 90 °) ho hlahloba karolelano ea mocheso oa mocheso-hydraulic.Ka feiga.10 e bonts'a thempereichara ea metsi le li-nanofluids sebakeng sa ho tsoa e le karolelano ea tšebeliso (helix angle 45° le 90°) bakeng sa pipe e tloaelehileng (\(\frac{{{T}_{out}}_{Twisted}}{{ {T} _{tsoa}_{Tlhaloso}}\)).Non-covalent (GNP-SDBS@DW) le covalent (GNP-COOH@DW) nanofluids li na le likaroloana tse tharo tse fapaneng tsa boima bo kang 0.025 wt%, 0.05 wt% le 0.1 wt%.Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe feiga.11, kakaretso ea boleng ba mocheso oa thepa (\(\frac{{{T}_{out}}_{Twisted}}{{{T}_{out}}_{Plain}}\)) > 1, ho bontša hore (45 ° le 90 ° helix angle) mocheso oa ho tsoa ha mochine oa mocheso o bohlokoa ho feta oa phala e tloaelehileng, ka lebaka la matla a maholo a moferefere le ho kopanya hantle ha mokelikeli.Ntle le moo, mocheso sebakeng sa DW, li-nanofluids tse se nang covalent le tse kopaneng li fokotsehile ka palo e ntseng e eketseha ea Reynolds.Mokelikeli oa motheo (DW) o na le mocheso o phahameng ka ho fetisisa oa ho tsoa.Ho sa le joalo, boleng bo tlaase ka ho fetisisa bo bua ka 0.1 wt% -SDBS @ GNPs.Non-covalent (GNPs-SDBS@DW) li-nanofluids li bonts'itse mocheso o tlase oa phallo ha o bapisoa le covalent (GNPs-COOH@DW) nanofluids.Kaha tepi e sothehileng e etsa hore sebaka sa phallo se kopane haholoanyane, mocheso o haufi le lebota o ka feta habonolo mokelikeli, o eketsa mocheso ka kakaretso.Karolelano e tlase ea twist-to-tape e fella ka ho kenella ho betere mme ka hona ho fetisa mocheso o betere.Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho ka bonoa hore tepi e pota-potiloeng e boloka mocheso o tlaase khahlanong le lerako, e leng ho eketsang Nuavg.Bakeng sa ho kenya litheipi tse sothehileng, boleng bo phahameng ba Nuavg bo bonts'a phetiso e ntlafalitsoeng ea mocheso oa convective ka har'a tube22.Ka lebaka la ho eketseha ha tsela ea ho phalla le ho kopanya ho eketsehileng le moferefere, nako ea bolulo e eketseha, e leng se etsang hore ho be le keketseho ea mocheso oa mokelikeli sebakeng sa ho tsoa41.
Reynolds linomoro tsa li-nanofluid tse fapaneng tse amanang le mocheso oa phallo ea li-tubes tse tloaelehileng (45 ° le 90 ° helix angles).
Li-coefficients tsa ho fetisa mocheso (45 ° le 90 ° helix angle) ho bapisoa le linomoro tsa Reynolds bakeng sa li-nanofluid tse fapaneng ha li bapisoa le li-tubes tse tloaelehileng.
Mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ho fetisoa ha mocheso oa tepi e ntlafetseng ke ka tsela e latelang: 1. Ho fokotsa bophara ba hydraulic ea tube ea phapanyetsano ea mocheso ho lebisa ho eketseha ha lebelo la phallo le curvature, e leng ho eketsang khatello ea ho kuta leboteng le ho khothalletsa mokhatlo oa bobeli.2. Ka lebaka la ho thibela tepi ea matsoeli, lebelo la lebota la phala le eketseha, 'me botenya ba moeli oa moeli bo fokotseha.3. Phallo ea moea ka mor'a lebanta le sothehileng e lebisa ho eketseha ha lebelo.4. Li-vortices tse susumelitsoeng li ntlafatsa motsoako oa mokelikeli pakeng tsa libaka tse bohareng le tse haufi le marako a phallo42.Ka feiga.11 le feiga.12 e bonts'a thepa ea ho fetisa mocheso ea DW le li-nanofluids, mohlala (coefficient ea ho fetisa mocheso le palo e tloaelehileng ea Nusselt) e le karolelano ea ho sebelisa li-tubes tse sothehileng tsa ho kenya li-tape ha li bapisoa le li-tubes tse tloaelehileng.Non-covalent (GNP-SDBS@DW) le covalent (GNP-COOH@DW) nanofluids li na le likaroloana tse tharo tse fapaneng tsa boima bo kang 0.025 wt%, 0.05 wt% le 0.1 wt%.Ka bobeli ba mocheso oa mocheso (45 ° le 90 ° helix angle) karolelano ea ts'ebetso ea ho fetisa mocheso ke> 1, e bontšang ntlafatso ea coefficient ea mocheso oa mocheso le palo e tloaelehileng ea Nusselt e nang le li-tubes tse kopantsoeng ha li bapisoa le li-tubes tse tloaelehileng.Non-covalent (GNPs-SDBS@DW) li-nanofluids li bontšitse ntlafatso e phahameng ea karolelano ea mocheso ho feta covalent (GNPs-COOH@DW) nanofluids.Ho Re = 900, ntlafatso ea 0.1 wt% ts'ebetsong ea ho fetisa mocheso -SDBS@GNPs bakeng sa li-exchangers tse peli tsa mocheso (45 ° le 90 ° helix angle) e ne e le eona e phahameng ka ho fetisisa e nang le boleng ba 1.90.Sena se bolela hore phello e ts'oanang ea TP e bohlokoa haholo ka lebelo le tlase la mokelikeli (nomoro ea Reynolds) 43 le ho eketseha ho matla ha moferefere.Ka lebaka la ho kenngoa ha li-vortices tse ngata, palo ea mocheso oa mocheso le palo e tloaelehileng ea Nusselt ea li-tubes tsa TT li phahametse li-tubes tse tloaelehileng, e leng se etsang hore ho be le moeli o mosesaane.Na boteng ba HP bo eketsa matla a moferefere, ho kopanya metsi a sebetsang le ho fetisa mocheso o matlafalitsoeng ha o bapisoa le liphaephe tsa motheo (ntle le ho kenya tepi e sothehileng)21.
Karolelano ea nomoro ea Nusselt (helix angle 45° le 90°) ha e bapisoa le nomoro ea Reynolds bakeng sa li-nanofluid tse fapa-fapaneng ha li bapisoa le li-tubes tse tloaelehileng.
Lipalo 13 le 14 li bonts'a kakaretso ea coefficient ea khohlano (\(\frac{{f}_{Twisted}}{{f}_{Plain}}\)) le tahlehelo ea khatello (\(\frac{{\ Delta P} _ {Twisted}}{{\Delta P}_{Plain}}\}} e ka bang 45° le 90° bakeng sa dipeipi tse tlwaelehileng tse sebedisang DW nanofluids, (GNPs-SDBS@DW) le (GNPs-COOH@DW) exchanger ion e na le ( 0.025 wt %, 0.05 wt % le 0.1 wt %). { {f}_{Plain} }\)) le tahlehelo ea khatello (\(\ frac{{ \ Delta P}_{Twisted}}{{\ Delta P }_{Plain}}\}) fokotseha. maemo a khohlano le tahlehelo ea khatello e phahame ho feta linomoro tsa Reynolds Karolelano ea coefficient ea khohlano le tahlehelo ea khatello e pakeng tsa 3.78 le 3.12 Karolelano ea coefficient ea khohlano le tahlehelo ea khatello e bontša hore (45° helix angle le 90 °) mocheso oa mocheso o theko e phahameng ka makhetlo a mararo ho feta liphaephe tse tloaelehileng.Ho phaella moo, ha mokelikeli o sebetsang o phalla ka lebelo le phahameng, coefficient ea khohlano ea fokotseha. Bothata bo hlaha hobane ha palo ea Reynolds e ntse e eketseha, botenya ba moeli oa moeli. e fokotseha, e leng se lebisang ho fokotseha ha phello ea viscosity e matla sebakeng se amehileng, ho fokotseha ha li-gradients tsa lebelo le khatello ea ho kuta, ka lebaka leo, ho fokotseha ha coefficient ea friction21.Phello e ntlafetseng ea ho thibela ka lebaka la boteng ba TT le ho eketseha ha swirl ho fella ka tahlehelo e phahameng haholo ea khatello bakeng sa liphaephe tsa TT tse fapaneng ho feta liphaephe tsa motheo.Ho phaella moo, bakeng sa phala ea motheo le phala ea TT, ho ka bonoa hore ho theoha ha khatello ho eketseha ka lebelo la mokelikeli o sebetsang43.
Coefficient of friction (45° le 90° helix angle) khahlano le nomoro ea Reynolds bakeng sa li-nanofluids tse fapaneng ha li bapisoa le li-tubes tse tloaelehileng.
Ho lahleheloa ke khatello (45 ° le 90 ° helix angle) e le ts'ebetso ea nomoro ea Reynolds bakeng sa li-nanofluids tse fapaneng tse amanang le tube e tloaelehileng.
Ka kakaretso, Setšoantšo sa 15 se bontša litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea ts'ebetso (PEC) bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa mocheso tse nang le li-angles tse 45 ° le 90 ° ha li bapisoa le li-tubes tse hlakileng (\(\frac{{PEC}_{Twisted}}{{PEC}_{Plain}}} ) ) ho (0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% le 0.1 wt.%) ho sebelisa DV, (VNP-SDBS@DV) le covalent (VNP-COOH@DV) nanofluids.Boleng (\(\frac{{PEC}_{Twisted}}{{PEC}_{Plain}}\)) > 1 maemong ao ka bobeli (45° le 90° helix angle) ho mochini oa mocheso.Ho feta moo, (\(\frac{{PEC}_{Twisted}}{{PEC}_{Plain}}\)) e fihlella boleng ba eona bo holimo ho Re = 11,000.Mocheso oa 90° o bontša keketseho e fokolang ea (\ (\frac{{PEC}_{Twisted}}{{PEC}_{Plain}}\)) ha e bapisoa le mocheso oa 45°., Ho Re = 11,000 0.1 wt%-GNPs@SDBS e emela maemo a hodimo (\(\frac{{PEC}_{Twisted}}{{PEC}_{Plain}}}\)), mohlala 1.25 bakeng sa 45° hukung ya setjheso sa mocheso le 1.27 bakeng sa 90° sehokelo sa mocheso sekhutlong.E kholo ho feta e le 'ngoe ho liphesente tsohle tsa karoloana ea boima, e leng se bontšang hore liphaephe tse nang le li-tape tse sothehileng li phahametse liphaephe tse tloaelehileng.Ka ho hlakileng, phetisetso ea mocheso e ntlafetseng e fanoang ke lisebelisoa tsa theipi e bakile keketseho e kholo ea tahlehelo ea likhohlano22.
Mekhoa ea ho sebetsa hantle bakeng sa palo ea Reynolds ea li-nanofluid tse fapaneng mabapi le li-tubes tse tloaelehileng (45 ° le 90 ° helix angle).
Sehlomathiso sa A se bonts'a li-streamlines bakeng sa 45 ° le 90 ° mocheso oa mocheso ho Re = 7000 ho sebelisa DW, 0.1 wt%-GNP-SDBS@DW le 0.1 wt%-GNP-COOH@DW.Litsela tse tsamaeang ka sefofaneng se pota-potileng ke tšobotsi e tsotehang ka ho fetisisa ea phello ea ho kenngoa ha ribone e sothehileng holim'a phallo e kholo.Tšebeliso ea mocheso oa 45 ° le 90 ° e bontša hore lebelo la sebaka se haufi le lerako le batla le lekana.Ho sa le joalo, Sehlomathiso sa B se bontša li-contours tsa lebelo la 45 ° le 90 ° mocheso oa mocheso ho Re = 7000 o sebelisa DW, 0.1 wt%-GNP-SDBS@DW le 0.1 wt%-GNP-COOH@DW.Li-loops tsa lebelo li libakeng tse tharo tse fapaneng (likotoana), mohlala, Plain-1 (P1 = -30mm), Plain-4 (P4 = 60mm) le Plain-7 (P7 = 150mm).Lebelo la ho phalla haufi le lebota la phala le tlaase ka ho fetisisa 'me lebelo la mokelikeli le eketseha ho ea bohareng ba phala.Ntle le moo, ha o feta ka duct ea moea, sebaka sa lebelo le tlase haufi le lerako sea eketseha.Sena se bakoa ke ho hōla ha lera la moeli oa hydrodynamic, e leng ho eketsang botenya ba sebaka se tlaase sa lebelo le haufi le lerako.Ntle le moo, ho eketsa palo ea Reynolds ho eketsa lebelo la kakaretso likarolong tsohle tsa sefapano, ka hona ho fokotsa botenya ba sebaka sa lebelo le tlase mocheng39.
Li-graphene nanosheets tse sebetsang hantle le tse sa sebetseng hantle li ile tsa hlahlobjoa ka har'a li-tape tse sothehileng tse nang le li-angles tsa helix tsa 45 ° le 90 °.Mocheso oa mocheso o rarolloa ka lipalo ho sebelisa SST k-omega turbulence model ho 7000 ≤ Re ≤ 17000. Lintho tsa thermophysical li baloa ho Tin = 308 K. Ka nako e le 'ngoe futhumatsa lerako le sothehileng la tube ka mocheso o sa khaotseng oa 330 K. COOH@DV) e ile ea hlapolloa ka litekanyo tse tharo tsa boima, mohlala (0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% le 0.1 wt.%).Boithuto ba hajoale bo ile ba nahana ka lintlha tse tšeletseng tse ka sehloohong: mocheso oa phallo, coefficient ea ho fetisa mocheso, palo e tloaelehileng ea Nusselt, coefficient of friction, tahlehelo ea khatello, le litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea ts'ebetso.Liphuputso tsa mantlha ke tsena:
Kakaretso ea mocheso (\({{T}_{out}}_{Nanofluids}\)/\({{T}_{out}}_{Basefluid}\)) e lula e le ka tlase ho 1, ho bolelang hore e sa atang Mocheso oa ho tsoa ha valence (ZNP-SDBS@DV) le covalent (ZNP-COOH@DV) nanofluids o tlase ho feta oa mokelikeli oa motheo.Ho sa le joalo, kakaretso ea mocheso (\({{T}_{out}}_{Twisted}\)/\({{T}_{out}}_{Plain}\))) boleng > 1, e bontšang 'nete ea hore (45 ° le 90 ° helix angle) mocheso oa ho tsoa o phahame ho feta ka li-tubes tse tloaelehileng.
Maemong ana ka bobeli, boleng bo tloaelehileng ba thepa ea phetisetso ea mocheso (nanofluid/base fluid) le (tube e sothehileng / tube e tloaelehileng) e lula e bonts'a> 1.Non-covalent (GNPs-SDBS@DW) li-nanofluids li bontšitse keketseho e phahameng ea karolelano ea mocheso oa mocheso, o lumellanang le covalent (GNPs-COOH@DW) nanofluids.
Kakaretso ea khokahano (\({f}_{Nanofluids}/{f}_{Basefluid}\)) ea non-covalent (VNP-SDBS@DW) le covalent (VNP-COOH@DW) nanofluids e dula e le ≈1 .friction of non-covalent (ZNP-SDBS@DV) le covalent (ZNP-COOH@DV) nanofluids (\({f}_{Twisted}/{f}_{Plain}\)) ka mehla > 3.
Maemong ana ka bobeli (45° le 90° helix angle), nanofluids (GNPs-SDBS@DW) e bonts'itse holimo (\({\ Delta P}_{Nanofluids}/{\ Delta P}_{Basefluid}\)) 0.025 wt .% bakeng sa 2.04%, 0.05 wt.% bakeng sa 2.46% le 0.1 wt.% bakeng sa 3.44%.Ho sa le joalo, (GNPs-COOH@DW) li-nanofluids li bonts'itse tlase (\({\ Delta P}_{Nanofluids}/{\ Delta P}_{Basefluid}\)) ho tloha ho 1.31% bakeng sa 0.025 wt.% ho isa ho 1.65% ke 0.05% % ka boima ba 'mele.Ho feta moo, kakaretso ea tahlehelo ea khatello (\({\ Delta P}_{Twisted}/{\ Delta P}_{Plain}\) ea non-covalent (GNPs-SDBS@DW) le covalent (GNPs-COOH@DW) ))) nanofluids kamehla >3.
Maemong ana ka bobeli (45° le 90° helix angles), li-nanofluids (GNPs-SDBS@DW) li bonts'itse boleng bo holimo (\({PEC}_{Nanofluids}/{PEC} _{Basefluid}\)) @DW) , mohlala 0,025 wt.% - 1.17, 0.05 wt.% - 1.19, 0.1 wt.% - 1.26.Tabeng ena, boleng ba (\({PEC}_{Nanofluids}/{PEC}_{Basefluid}\)) e sebelisang (GNPs-COOH@DW) nanofluids ke 1.02 bakeng sa 0.025 wt.%, 1.05 bakeng sa 0 ,05 wt.% le 1.02 ke 0.1% ka boima ba 'mele.Ho feta moo, ho Re = 11,000, 0.1 wt%-GNPs@SDBS e bonts'itse boleng bo holimo (\({PEC}_{Twisted}/{PEC}_{Plain}\)), joalo ka 1.25 bakeng sa 45° helix angle le 90° helix angle 1.27.
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